This Day in History

jafar · Aug 1, 2012

Amaury said: ↑

8/1/1961: Texans Head for the Thrills at Six Flags
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I'm pretty sure the opening of a Six Flags is less important than, oh, maybe the discovery of oxygen. Or even, maybe the beginning the World War I.

Amaury · Aug 2, 2012

8/2/1990: Iraq Invades Kuwait

At about 2 a.m. local time, Iraqi forces invade Kuwait, Iraq's tiny, oil-rich neighbor. Kuwait's defense forces were rapidly overwhelmed, and those that were not destroyed retreated to Saudi Arabia. The emir of Kuwait, his family, and other government leaders fled to Saudi Arabia, and within hours Kuwait City had been captured and the Iraqis had established a provincial government. By annexing Kuwait, Iraq gained control of 20 percent of the world's oil reserves and, for the first time, a substantial coastline on the Persian Gulf. The same day, the United Nations Security Council unanimously denounced the invasion and demanded Iraq's immediate withdrawal from Kuwait. On August 6, the Security Council imposed a worldwide ban on trade with Iraq.

On August 9, Operation Desert Shield, the American defense of Saudi Arabia, began as U.S. forces raced to the Persian Gulf. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein, meanwhile, built up his occupying army in Kuwait to about 300,000 troops. On November 29, the U.N. Security Council passed a resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq if it failed to withdraw by January 15, 1991. Hussein refused to withdraw his forces from Kuwait, which he had established as a province of Iraq, and some 700,000 allied troops, primarily American, gathered in the Middle East to enforce the deadline.

At 4:30 p.m. EST on January 16, 1991, Operation Desert Storm, the massive U.S.-led offensive against Iraq, began as the first fighter aircraft were launched from Saudi Arabia and off U.S. and British aircraft carriers in the Persian Gulf. All evening, aircraft from the U.S.-led military coalition pounded targets in and around Baghdad as the world watched the events transpire on television footage transmitted live via satellite from Iraq. Operation Desert Storm was conducted by an international coalition under the supreme command of U.S. General Norman Schwarzkopf and featured forces from 32 nations, including Britain, Egypt, France, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait.

During the next six weeks, the allied force engaged in an intensive air war against Iraq's military and civil infrastructure and encountered little effective resistance from the Iraqi air force or air defenses. Iraqi ground forces were helpless during this stage of the war, and Hussein's only significant retaliatory measure was the launching of SCUD missile attacks against Israel and Saudi Arabia. Saddam hoped that the missile attacks would provoke Israel to enter the conflict, thus dissolving Arab support of the war. At the request of the United States, however, Israel remained out of the war.

On February 24, a massive coalition ground offensive began, and Iraq's outdated and poorly supplied armed forces were rapidly overwhelmed. By the end of the day, the Iraqi army had effectively folded, 10,000 of its troops were held as prisoners, and a U.S. air base had been established deep inside Iraq. After less than four days, Kuwait was liberated, and the majority of Iraq's armed forces had either surrendered, retreated to Iraq, or been destroyed.

On February 28, U.S. President George Bush declared a cease-fire, and on April 3 the U.N. Security Council passed Resolution 687, specifying conditions for a formal end to the conflict. According to the resolution, Bush's cease-fire would become official, some sanctions would be lifted, but the ban on Iraqi oil sales would continue until Iraq destroyed its weapons of mass destruction under U.N. supervision. On April 6, Iraq accepted the resolution, and on April 11 the Security Council declared it in effect. During the next decade, Saddam Hussein frequently violated the terms of the peace agreement, prompting further allied air strikes and continuing U.N. sanctions.

In the Persian Gulf War, 148 American soldiers were killed and 457 wounded. The other allied nations suffered about 100 deaths combined during Operation Desert Storm. There are no official figures for the number of Iraqi casualties, but it is believed that at least 25,000 soldiers were killed and more than 75,000 were wounded, making it one of the most one-sided military conflicts in history. It is estimated that 100,000 Iraqi civilians died from wounds or from lack of adequate water, food, and medical supplies directly attributable to the Persian Gulf War. In the ensuing years, more than one million Iraqi civilians have died as a result of the subsequent U.N. sanctions.
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American Revolution

Delegates sign Declaration of Independence, 1776

Automotive

Michael Andretti races to fast finish at Marlboro 500, 1987

Civil War

CSS Shenandoah learns the war is over, 1865

Cold War

Potsdam Conference concludes, 1945

Crime

Man murdered near L.A. reservoir, 1942

Disaster

Sudden thunderstorm causes plane crash, 1985

General Interest

Harding dies before scandals break, 1923

Hitler becomes fuhrer, 1934

Einstein urges U.S. atomic action, 1939

Hollywood

Freddy Krueger creator Wes Craven born, 1939

Literary

George Eliot begins Middlemarch, 1869

Music

Legendary Motown bassist James Jamerson dies, 1983

Old West

Wild Bill Hickok is murdered, 1876

Presidential

Japanese forces attack PT boat with Kennedy on board, 1943

Sports

Jackie Joyner-Kersee wins gold in heptathlon, again, 1992

Vietnam War

North Vietnamese torpedo boats attack U.S. destroyer, 1964

Nixon administration acknowledges secret army in Laos, 1971

World War I

Mutiny breaks out on German battleship, 1917

World War II

President of the Weimar Republic Hindenburg dies, 1934

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Amaury · Aug 3, 2012

8/3/1958: Nautilus Travels under North Pole

On August 3, 1958, the U.S. nuclear submarine Nautilus accomplishes the first undersea voyage to the geographic North Pole. The world's first nuclear submarine, the Nautilus dived at Point Barrow, Alaska, and traveled nearly 1,000 miles under the Arctic ice cap to reach the top of the world. It then steamed on to Iceland, pioneering a new and shorter route from the Pacific to the Atlantic and Europe.

The USS Nautilus was constructed under the direction of U.S. Navy Captain Hyman G. Rickover, a brilliant Russian-born engineer who joined the U.S. atomic program in 1946. In 1947, he was put in charge of the navy's nuclear-propulsion program and began work on an atomic submarine. Regarded as a fanatic by his detractors, Rickover succeeded in developing and delivering the world's first nuclear submarine years ahead of schedule. In 1952, the Nautilus' keel was laid by President Harry S. Truman, and on January 21, 1954, first lady Mamie Eisenhower broke a bottle of champagne across its bow as it was launched into the Thames River at Groton, Connecticut. Commissioned on September 30, 1954, it first ran under nuclear power on the morning of January 17, 1955.

Much larger than the diesel-electric submarines that preceded it, the Nautilus stretched 319 feet and displaced 3,180 tons. It could remain submerged for almost unlimited periods because its atomic engine needed no air and only a very small quantity of nuclear fuel. The uranium-powered nuclear reactor produced steam that drove propulsion turbines, allowing the Nautilus to travel underwater at speeds in excess of 20 knots.

In its early years of service, the USS Nautilus broke numerous submarine travel records and on July 23, 1958, departed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on "Operation Northwest Passage"--the first crossing of the North Pole by submarine. There were 116 men aboard for this historic voyage, including Commander William R. Anderson, 111 officers and crew, and four civilian scientists. The Nautilus steamed north through the Bering Strait and did not surface until it reached Point Barrow, Alaska, in the Beaufort Sea, though it did send its periscope up once off the Diomedes Islands, between Alaska and Siberia, to check for radar bearings. On August 1, the submarine left the north coast of Alaska and dove under the Arctic ice cap.

The submarine traveled at a depth of about 500 feet, and the ice cap above varied in thickness from 10 to 50 feet, with the midnight sun of the Arctic shining in varying degrees through the blue ice. At 11:15 p.m. EDT on August 3, 1958, Commander Anderson announced to his crew: "For the world, our country, and the Navy--the North Pole." The Nautilus passed under the geographic North Pole without pausing. The submarine next surfaced in the Greenland Sea between Spitzbergen and Greenland on August 5. Two days later, it ended its historic journey at Iceland. For the command during the historic journey, President Dwight D. Eisenhower decorated Anderson with the Legion of Merit.

After a career spanning 25 years and almost 500,000 miles steamed, the Nautilus was decommissioned on March 3, 1980. Designated a National Historic Landmark in 1982, the world's first nuclear submarine went on exhibit in 1986 as the Historic Ship Nautilus at the Submarine Force Museum in Groton, Connecticut.
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American Revolution

Lord Jeffrey Amherst dies, 1797

Automotive

"The Spy Who Loved Me" released, features Lotus Esprit, 1977

Civil War

Union General Thomas F. Meagher is born in Ireland, 1823

Cold War

Chambers accuses Hiss of being a communist spy, 1948

Crime

Sodomy arrest sparks controversy, 1982

Disaster

Boeing 707 crashes into a mountain near Agadir, Morocco , 1975

General Interest

Columbus sets sail, 1492

Sir Roger Casement hanged, 1916

Soviets release Mathias Rust, 1988

Hollywood

Multimillion-dollar baby photos published, 2008

Literary

Last installment of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is published, 1861

Music

"The Macarena" begins its reign atop the U.S. pop charts, 1996

Old West

Donner party encounters first delay, 1846

Presidential

Calvin Coolidge takes oath of office after Harding's death, 1923

Sports

NBA is born, 1949

Vietnam War

TV news shows Marines burning village, 1965

Marines launch Operation Prairie, 1966

World War I

Germany and France declare war on each other, 1914

World War II

Italians move on British Somaliland, 1940

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Amaury · Aug 4, 2012

8/4/1944: Annie Frank Captured

Acting on tip from a Dutch informer, the Nazi Gestapo captures 15-year-old Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family in a sealed-off area of an Amsterdam warehouse. The Franks had taken shelter there in 1942 out of fear of deportation to a Nazi concentration camp. They occupied the small space with another Jewish family and a single Jewish man, and were aided by Christian friends, who brought them food and supplies. Anne spent much of her time in the "secret annex" working on her diary. The diary survived the war, overlooked by the Gestapo that discovered the hiding place, but Anne and nearly all of the others perished in the Nazi death camps.

Annelies Marie Frank was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, on June 12, 1929. She was the second daughter of Otto Frank and Edith Frank-Hollander, both of Jewish families that had lived in Germany for centuries. With the rise of Nazi leader Adolf Hitler in 1933, Otto moved his family to Amsterdam to escape the escalating Nazi persecution of Jews. In Holland, he ran a successful spice and jam business. Anne attended a Montessori school with other middle-class Dutch children, but with the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940 she was forced to transfer to a Jewish school. In 1942, Otto began arranging a hiding place in an annex of his warehouse on the Prinsengracht Canal in Amsterdam.

On her 13th birthday in 1942, Anne began a diary relating her everyday experiences, her relationship with her family and friends, and observations about the increasingly dangerous world around her. Less than a month later, Anne's older sister, Margot, received a call-up notice to report to a Nazi "work camp." Fearing deportation to a Nazi concentration camp, the Frank family took shelter in the secret annex the next day. One week later, they were joined by Otto Frank's business partner and his family. In November, a Jewish dentistâ€”the eighth occupant of the hiding placeâ€”joined the group.

For two years, Anne kept a diary about her life in hiding that is marked with poignancy, humor, and insight. The entrance to the secret annex was hidden by a hinged bookcase, and former employees of Otto and other Dutch friends delivered them food and supplies procured at high risk. Anne and the others lived in rooms with blacked-out windows, and never flushed the toilet during the day out of fear that their presence would be detected. In June 1944, Anne's spirits were raised by the Allied landing at Normandy, and she was hopeful that the long-awaited liberation of Holland would soon begin.

On August 1, 1944, Anne made her last entry in her diary. Three days later, 25 months of seclusion ended with the arrival of the Nazi Gestapo. Anne and the others had been given away by an unknown informer, and they were arrested along with two of the Christians who had helped shelter them. They were sent to a concentration camp in Holland, and in September Anne and most of the others were shipped to the Auschwitz death camp in Poland. In the fall of 1944, with the Soviet liberation of Poland underway, Anne was moved with her sister Margot to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in Germany. Suffering under the deplorable conditions of the camp, the two sisters caught typhus and died in early March 1945. The camp was liberated by the British less than two months later.

Otto Frank was the only one of the 10 to survive the Nazi death camps. After the war, he returned to Amsterdam via Russia, and was reunited with Miep Gies, one of his former employees who had helped shelter him. She handed him Anne's diary, which she had found undisturbed after the Nazi raid. In 1947, Anne's diary was published by Otto in its original Dutch as Diary of a Young Girl. An instant best-seller and eventually translated into more than 50 languages, The Diary of Anne Frank has served as a literary testament to the nearly six million Jews, including Anne herself, who were silenced in the Holocaust.

The Frank family's hideaway at Prinsengracht 263 in Amsterdam opened as a museum in 1960. A new English translation of Anne's diary in 1995 restored material that had been edited out of the original version, making the work nearly a third longer.
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American Revolution

British General John Burgoyne dies, 1792

Automotive

"Talladega Nights" released, 2006

Civil War

Union generals squabble outside of Atlanta, 1864

Cold War

Eisenhower warns of "ominous" situation in Asia, 1953

Crime

Lizzie Borden took an axe..., 1892

Disaster

Philippines hit hard by flooding, 1972

General Interest

Washington becomes Master Mason, 1753

Borden parents found dead, 1892

Slain civil rights workers found, 1964

Hollywood

Sex, lies and videotape opens, 1989

Literary

Percy Bysshe Shelley, poet, is born, 1792

Music

Country legend Jimmie Rodgers is recorded for the very first time, 1927

Old West

Custer and 7th Cavalry attacked by Indians, 1873

Presidential

Washington receives highest Freemason rank, 1753

Sports

Jesse Owens wins long jump--and respect--in Germany, 1936

Vietnam War

Reported North Vietnamese PT boat attacks result in retaliation strikes, 1964

Court upholds court-martial conviction of officer who participated in demonstration, 1967

Secret negotiations are initiated in Paris, 1969

World War I

U.S. proclaims neutrality in World War I, 1914

World War II

Anne Frank and her family arrested by Gestapo, 1944

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Amaury · Aug 5, 2012

8/5/2002: Divers Recover U.S.S. Monitor Turret

On this day in 2002, the rusty iron gun turret of the U.S.S. Monitor broke from the water and into the daylight for the first time in 140 years. The ironclad warship was raised from the floor of the Atlantic, where it had rested since it went down in a storm off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, during the Civil War. Divers had been working for six weeks to bring it to the surface.

Nine months before sinking into its watery grave, the Monitor had been part of a revolution in naval warfare. On March 9, 1862, it dueled to a standstill with the C.S.S. Virginia (originally the C.S.S. Merrimack) in one of the most famous moments in naval historyâ€“the first time two ironclads faced each other in a naval engagement. During the battle, the two ships circled one another, jockeying for position as they fired their guns. The cannon balls simply deflected off the iron ships. In the early afternoon, the Virginia pulled back to Norfolk. Neither ship was seriously damaged, but the Monitor effectively ended the short reign of terror that the Confederate ironclad had brought to the Union navy.

Designed by Swedish engineer John Ericsson, the Monitor had an unusually low profile, rising from the water only 18 inches. The flat iron deck had a 20-foot cylindrical turret rising from the middle of the ship; the turret housed two 11-inch Dahlgren guns. The shift had a draft of less than 11 feet so it could operate in the shallow harbors and rivers of the South. It was commissioned on February 25, 1862, and arrived at Chesapeake Bay just in time to engage the Virginia.

After the famous duel, the Monitor provided gun support on the James River for George B. McClellan's Peninsular Campaign. By December 1862, it was clear the ship was no longer needed in Virginia, so she was sent to Beaufort, North Carolina, to join a fleet being assembled for an attack on Charleston. The Monitor served well in the sheltered waters of Chesapeake Bay, but the heavy, low-slung ship was a poor craft for the open sea. The U.S.S. Rhode Island towed the ironclad around the rough waters of Cape Hatteras. As the Monitor pitched and swayed in the rough seas, the caulking around the gun turret loosened and water began to leak into the hull. More leaks developed as the journey continued. High seas tossed the craft, causing the ship's flat armor bottom to slap the water. Each roll opened more seams, and by nightfall on December 30, the Monitor was in dire straits.

That evening, the Monitor's commander, J.P. Bankhead, signaled the Rhode Island that he wished to abandon ship. The wooden side-wheeler pulled as close as safety allowed to the stricken ironclad, and two lifeboats were lowered to retrieve the crew. Many of the sailors were rescued, but some men were terrified to venture onto the deck in such rough seas. The ironclad's pumps stopped working, and the ship sank before 16 of its crew members could be rescued. The remains of two of these sailors were discovered by divers during the Monitorâ€™s 2002 reemergence.

Many of the ironcladâ€™s artifacts are now on display at the Mariners' Museum in Newport News, Virginia.
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American Revolution

DeLancey and Hull battle for the Bronx, 1779

Automotive

First electric traffic signal installed, 1914

Civil War

Union scores a victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay, 1864

Cold War

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed, 1963

Crime

Mother charged with smothering her eight children, 1998

Disaster

Earthquake causes deadly landslides in Ecuador, 1948

General Interest

First transatlantic telegraph cable completed, 1858

Marilyn Monroe is found dead, 1962

Reagan fires 11,359 air-traffic controllers, 1981

Hollywood

Risky Business debuts, launches Cruise to stardom, 1983

Literary

Guy de Maupassant's birthday, 1850

Music

American Bandstand goes national, 1957

Old West

Texas Ranger Ira Aten dies, 1953

Presidential

Lincoln imposes first federal income tax, 1861

Sports

NBA merges with ABA, 1976

Vietnam War

Navy flies retaliatory strikes against North Vietnam, 1964

Congress cuts military aid to South Vietnam, 1974

World War I

German assault on Liege begins first battle of World War I, 1914

World War II

Hundreds of Jews are freed from forced labor in Warsaw, 1944

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Amaury · Aug 6, 2012

8/6/1945: American Bomber Drops Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima

On this day in 1945, at 8:16 a.m. Japanese time, an American B-29 bomber, the Enola Gay, drops the world's first atom bomb, over the city of Hiroshima. Approximately 80,000 people are killed as a direct result of the blast, and another 35,000 are injured. At least another 60,000 would be dead by the end of the year from the effects of the fallout.

U.S. President Harry S. Truman, discouraged by the Japanese response to the Potsdam Conference's demand for unconditional surrender, made the decision to use the atom bomb to end the war in order to prevent what he predicted would be a much greater loss of life were the United States to invade the Japanese mainland. And so on August 5, while a "conventional" bombing of Japan was underway, "Little Boy," (the nickname for one of two atom bombs available for use against Japan), was loaded onto Lt. Col. Paul W. Tibbets' plane on Tinian Island in the Marianas. Tibbets' B-29, named the Enola Gay after his mother, left the island at 2:45 a.m. on August 6. Five and a half hours later, "Little Boy" was dropped, exploding 1,900 feet over a hospital and unleashing the equivalent of 12,500 tons of TNT. The bomb had several inscriptions scribbled on its shell, one of which read "Greetings to the Emperor from the men of the Indianapolis" (the ship that transported the bomb to the Marianas).

There were 90,000 buildings in Hiroshima before the bomb was dropped; only 28,000 remained after the bombing. Of the city's 200 doctors before the explosion; only 20 were left alive or capable of working. There were 1,780 nurses before-only 150 remained who were able to tend to the sick and dying.

According to John Hersey's classic work Hiroshima, the Hiroshima city government had put hundreds of schoolgirls to work clearing fire lanes in the event of incendiary bomb attacks. They were out in the open when the Enola Gay dropped its load.

There were so many spontaneous fires set as a result of the bomb that a crewman of the Enola Gay stopped trying to count them. Another crewman remarked, "It's pretty terrific. What a relief it worked."
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American Revolution

General Nicholas Herkimer falls at the Battle of Oriskany, 1777

Automotive

Peugeot says au revoir to U.S. car market, 1991

Civil War

Confederate ship blown up by crew, 1862

Cold War

Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, 1945

Crime

Dutch Schultz is born, 1902

Joseph Force Crater becomes the missingest man in New York, 1930

Disaster

Planes crashes in Guam jungle, 1997

General Interest

First draft of Constitution debated, 1787

First execution by electric chair, 1890

Andy Warhol is born, 1928

Hollywood

Lucille Ball born, 1911

â€œBreakfast Clubâ€ director John Hughes dies, 2009

Literary

George R.R. Martin's Game of Thrones debuts, 1996

Music

Isaac Hayes is born, 1942

Old West

Belle Starr's first husband slain, 1874

Presidential

Johnson signs Voting Rights Act, 1965

Sports

Gertrude Ederle becomes first woman to swim English Channel, 1926

Vietnam War

Johnson Administration officials argue for resolution, 1964

Green Berets are charged with murder, 1969

First U.S. Army troops deployed to Vietnam stand-down for withdrawal, 1971

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B]World War I[/B]

Allies land at Suvla Bay, 1915

World War II

Atomic bomb is dropped on Hiroshima, 1945

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Amaury · Aug 7, 2012

8/7/1947: Wood Raft Makes 4,300-Mile Voyage

On this day in 1947, Kon-Tiki, a balsa wood raft captained by Norwegian anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl, completes a 4,300-mile, 101-day journey from Peru to Raroia in the Tuamotu Archipelago, near Tahiti. Heyerdahl wanted to prove his theory that prehistoric South Americans could have colonized the Polynesian islands by drifting on ocean currents.

Heyerdahl and his five-person crew set sail from Callao, Peru, on the 40-square-foot Kon-Tiki on April 28, 1947. The Kon-Tiki, named for a mythical white chieftain, was made of indigenous materials and designed to resemble rafts of early South American Indians. While crossing the Pacific, the sailors encountered storms, sharks and whales, before finally washing ashore at Raroia. Heyerdahl, born in Larvik, Norway, on October 6, 1914, believed that Polynesia's earliest inhabitants had come from South America, a theory that conflicted with popular scholarly opinion that the original settlers arrived from Asia. Even after his successful voyage, anthropologists and historians continued to discredit Heyerdahl's belief. However, his journey captivated the public and he wrote a book about the experience that became an international bestseller and was translated into 65 languages. Heyerdahl also produced a documentary about the trip that won an Academy Award in 1951.

Heyerdahl made his first expedition to Polynesia in 1937. He and his first wife lived primitively on Fatu Hiva in the Marquesas Islands for a year and studied plant and animal life. The experience led him to believe that humans had first come to the islands aboard primitive vessels drifting on ocean currents from the east.

Following the Kon-Tiki expedition, Heyerdahl made archeological trips to such places as the Galapagos Islands, Easter Island and Peru and continued to test his theories about how travel across the seas played a major role in the migration patterns of ancient cultures. In 1970, he sailed across the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados in a reed boat named Ra II (after Ra, the Egyptian sun god) to prove that Egyptians could have connected with pre-Columbian Americans. In 1977, he sailed the Indian Ocean in a primitive reed ship built in Iraq to learn how prehistoric civilizations in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt might have connected.

While Heyerdahl's work was never embraced by most scholars, he remained a popular public figure and was voted "Norwegian of the Century" in his homeland. He died at age 87 on April 18, 2002, in Italy. The raft from his famous 1947 expedition is housed at the Kon-Tiki Museum in Oslo, Norway.
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American Revolution

Washington creates the Purple Heart, 1782

Automotive

Volkswagen halts production during World War II, 1944

Civil War

Confederate General Evander Law is born, 1836

Cold War

Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

Crime

Georgia institutes a State Board of Corrections, 1945

Disaster

Mysterious explosions in Colombia, 1956

General Interest

Teddy Roosevelt nominated as Bull Moose candidate, 1912

U.S. satellite photographs earth, 1959

U.S. embassies in East Africa bombed, 1998

Trapped Russian sub rescued, 2005

Hollywood

Actress Charlize Theron born, 1975

Literary

Henry Fielding leaves London for Lisbon, 1754

Music

A free concert by Garth Brooks draws the last "six-figure crowd" to New York City's Central Park, 1997

Old West

Astronomer impresses Indians with eclipse, 1869

Presidential

Bush orders Operation Desert Shield, 1990

Sports

Lynne Cox swims into communist territory, 1987

Vietnam War

Tonkin Gulf Resolution is passed, 1964

North Vietnam and People's Republic of China sign aid agreement, 1967

World War I

Battle of Mulhouse begins , 1914

World War II

U.S. forces invade Guadalcanal, 1942

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Amaury · Aug 8, 2012

8/8/1974: Nixon Resigns

In an evening televised address, President Richard M. Nixon announces his intention to become the first president in American history to resign. With impeachment proceedings underway against him for his involvement in the Watergate affair, Nixon was finally bowing to pressure from the public and Congress to leave the White House. "By taking this action," he said in a solemn address from the Oval Office, "I hope that I will have hastened the start of the process of healing which is so desperately needed in America."

Just before noon the next day, Nixon officially ended his term as the 37th president of the United States. Before departing with his family in a helicopter from the White House lawn, he smiled farewell and enigmatically raised his arms in a victory or peace salute. The helicopter door was then closed, and the Nixon family began their journey home to San Clemente, California. Minutes later, Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States in the East Room of the White House. After taking the oath of office, President Ford spoke to the nation in a television address, declaring, "My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over." He later pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office, explaining that he wanted to end the national divisions created by the Watergate scandal.

On June 17, 1972, five men, including a salaried security coordinator for President Nixon's reelection committee, were arrested for breaking into and illegally wiretapping the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Washington, D.C., Watergate complex. Soon after, two other former White House aides were implicated in the break-in, but the Nixon administration denied any involvement. Later that year, reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward of The Washington Post discovered a higher-echelon conspiracy surrounding the incident, and a political scandal of unprecedented magnitude erupted.

In May 1973, the Senate Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities, headed by Senator Sam Ervin of North Carolina, began televised proceedings on the rapidly escalating Watergate affair. One week later, Harvard law professor Archibald Cox was sworn in as special Watergate prosecutor. During the Senate hearings, former White House legal counsel John Dean testified that the Watergate break-in had been approved by former Attorney General John Mitchell with the knowledge of White House advisers John Ehrlichman and H.R. Haldeman, and that President Nixon had been aware of the cover-up. Meanwhile, Watergate prosecutor Cox and his staff began to uncover widespread evidence of political espionage by the Nixon reelection committee, illegal wiretapping of thousands of citizens by the administration, and contributions to the Republican Party in return for political favors.

In July, the existence of what were to be called the Watergate tapes--official recordings of White House conversations between Nixon and his staff--was revealed during the Senate hearings. Cox subpoenaed these tapes, and after three months of delay President Nixon agreed to send summaries of the recordings. Cox rejected the summaries, and Nixon fired him. His successor as special prosecutor, Leon Jaworski, leveled indictments against several high-ranking administration officials, including Mitchell and Dean, who were duly convicted.

Public confidence in the president rapidly waned, and by the end of July 1974 the House Judiciary Committee had adopted three articles of impeachment against President Nixon: obstruction of justice, abuse of presidential powers, and hindrance of the impeachment process. On July 30, under coercion from the Supreme Court, Nixon finally released the Watergate tapes. On August 5, transcripts of the recordings were released, including a segment in which the president was heard instructing Haldeman to order the FBI to halt the Watergate investigation. Three days later, Nixon announced his resignation.
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American Revolution

Morgan and Virginians arrive in Cambridge, 1775

Automotive

Land Rovers used in famous Great Train Robbery, 1963

Civil War

Lee offers resignation, 1863

Cold War

Truman signs United Nations Charter, 1945

Disaster

Fire traps 262 miners, 1956

General Interest

Emiliano Zapata born, 1879

German saboteurs executed in Washington, 1942

Hollywood

Spike Leeâ€™s first feature, Sheâ€™s Gotta Have It, premieres, 1986

Literary

Keats returns from walking tour, 1818

Music

Gangsta rap hits the mainstream with the release of N.W.A's Straight Outta Compton, 1988

Old West

General Nelson Miles is born, 1839

Presidential

Nixon resigns, 1974

Sports

Lights go on at Wrigley, 1988

Vietnam War

Nixon and Agnew receive the Republican Party nomination, 1968

Vice President Agnew under attack, 1973

Nixon announces that he will resign the Presidency, 1974

World War I

Battle of Amiens , 1918

World War II

Soviets declare war on Japan; invade Manchuria, 1945

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Amaury · Aug 9, 2012

8/9/1974: Unusual Succession Makes Ford President

In accordance with his statement of resignation the previous evening, Richard M. Nixon officially ends his term as the 37th president of the United States at noon. Before departing with his family in a helicopter from the White House lawn, he smiled farewell and enigmatically raised his arms in a victory or peace salute. The helicopter door was then closed, and the Nixon family began their journey home to San Clemente, California. Richard Nixon was the first U.S. president to resign from office.

Minutes later, Vice President Gerald R. Ford was sworn in as the 38th president of the United States in the East Room of the White House. After taking the oath of office, President Ford spoke to the nation in a television address, declaring, "My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over."

Ford, the first president who came to the office through appointment rather than election, had replaced Spiro Agnew as vice president only eight months before. In a political scandal independent of the Nixon administration's wrongdoings in the Watergate affair, Agnew had been forced to resign in disgrace after he was charged with income tax evasion and political corruption. In September 1974, Ford pardoned Nixon for any crimes he may have committed while in office, explaining that he wanted to end the national divisions created by the Watergate scandal.
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American Revolution

Guy Johnson predicts Indian allegiances, 1776

Automotive

Bridgestone/Firestone announces massive tire recall, 2000

Civil War

Rebels score narrow victory at the Battle of Cedar Mountain, 1862

Cold War

Arthur Walker found guilty of spying for Soviet Union, 1985

Crime

Manson cult kills five people, 1969

Disaster

Hurricane Belle strikes Eastern Seaboard, 1976

General Interest

Romans routed at Adrianople, 378

Owens wins 4th gold medal, 1936

JetBlue flight attendant quits job via escape slide, 2010

Hollywood

Actress Sharon Tate found murdered, 1969

Literary

Mystery writer Jonathan Kellerman born, 1949

Music

Jerry Garcia dies, 1995

Old West

Nez Perce fight Battle of Big Hole, 1877

Presidential

Ford is inaugurated, 1974

Sports

The Great One gets traded, 1988

Vietnam War

Marines launch Operation Cochise, 1967

Nixon leaves office, 1974

World War I

Walter Rathenau of AEG takes charge of German war production, 1914

World War II

Atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, 1945

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Amaury · Aug 10, 2012

8/10/1846: Smithsonian Institution Created

After a decade of debate about how best to spend a bequest left to America from an obscure English scientist, President James K. Polk signs the Smithsonian Institution Act into law.

In 1829, James Smithson died in Italy, leaving behind a will with a peculiar footnote. In the event that his only nephew died without any heirs, Smithson decreed that the whole of his estate would go to "the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Smithson's curious bequest to a country that he had never visited aroused significant attention on both sides of the Atlantic.

Smithson had been a fellow of the venerable Royal Society of London from the age of 22, publishing numerous scientific papers on mineral composition, geology, and chemistry. In 1802, he overturned popular scientific opinion by proving that zinc carbonates were true carbonate minerals, and one type of zinc carbonate was later named smithsonite in his honor.

Six years after his death, his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, indeed died without children, and on July 1, 1836, the U.S. Congress authorized acceptance of Smithson's gift. President Andrew Jackson sent diplomat Richard Rush to England to negotiate for transfer of the funds, and two years later Rush set sail for home with 11 boxes containing a total of 104,960 gold sovereigns, 8 shillings, and 7 pence, as well as Smithson's mineral collection, library, scientific notes, and personal effects. After the gold was melted down, it amounted to a fortune worth well over $500,000. After considering a series of recommendations, including the creation of a national university, a public library, or an astronomical observatory, Congress agreed that the bequest would support the creation of a museum, a library, and a program of research, publication, and collection in the sciences, arts, and history. On August 10, 1846, the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution was signed into law by President James K. Polk.

Today, the Smithsonian is composed of 19 museums and galleries including the recently announced National Museum of African American History and Culture, nine research facilities throughout the United States and the world, and the national zoo. Besides the original Smithsonian Institution Building, popularly known as the "Castle," visitors to Washington, D.C., tour the National Museum of Natural History, which houses the natural science collections, the National Zoological Park, and the National Portrait Gallery. The National Museum of American History houses the original Star-Spangled Banner and other artifacts of U.S. history. The National Air and Space Museum has the distinction of being the most visited museum in the world, exhibiting such marvels of aviation and space history as the Wright brothers' plane and Freedom 7, the space capsule that took the first American into space. John Smithson, the Smithsonian Institution's great benefactor, is interred in a tomb in the Smithsonian Building.
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American Revolution

London learns of American independence, 1776

Automotive

Fatal Ford Pinto crash in Indiana, 1978

Civil War

Rebels defeat Union force at the Battle of Wilson's Creek, 1861

Cold War

Truman signs National Security Bill, 1949

Crime

Child found decapitated, 1981

Disaster

Three-ship collision causes oil spill, 1993

General Interest

New state west of the Mississippi, 1821

Son of Sam arrested, 1977

Temperatures in UK top 100 F for first time during European heat wave, 2003

Hollywood

Red Dawn, first PG-13 movie, is released, 1984

Literary

Virginia and Leonard Woolf marry, 1912

Music

First-ever electric guitar patent awarded to the Electro String Corporation, 1937

Old West

Amanda McFarland begins Alaskan mission, 1877

Presidential

Herbert Hoover is born, 1874

Sports

Pete Rose sets National League hits record, 1981

Vietnam War

Diem refuses to negotiate with Communists, 1955

Marines fight bitter battle in Quang Tin Province, 1966

North Vietnamese forces attempt to cut off Saigon, 1972

World War I

German ships Goeben and Breslau reach Constantinople, 1914

World War II

Japan accepts Potsdam terms, agrees to unconditional surrender, 1945

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Amaury · Aug 11, 2012

8/11/1934: Federal Prisoners Land on Alcatraz

A group of federal prisoners classified as "most dangerous" arrives at Alcatraz Island, a 22-acre rocky outcrop situated 1.5 miles offshore in San Francisco Bay. The convicts--the first civilian prisoners to be housed in the new high-security penitentiary--joined a few dozen military prisoners left over from the island's days as a U.S. military prison.

Alcatraz was an uninhabited seabird haven when it was explored by Spanish Lieutenant Juan Manuel de Ayala in 1775. He named it Isla de los Alcatraces, or "Island of the Pelicans." Fortified by the Spanish, Alcatraz was sold to the United States in 1849. In 1854, it had the distinction of housing the first lighthouse on the coast of California. Beginning in 1859, a U.S. Army detachment was garrisoned there, and from 1868 Alcatraz was used to house military criminals. In addition to recalcitrant U.S. soldiers, prisoners included rebellious Indian scouts, American soldiers fighting in the Philippines who had deserted to the Filipino cause, and Chinese civilians who resisted the U.S. Army during the Boxer Rebellion. In 1907, Alcatraz was designated the Pacific Branch of the United States Military Prison.

In 1934, Alcatraz was fortified into a high-security federal penitentiary designed to hold the most dangerous prisoners in the U.S. penal system, especially those with a penchant for escape attempts. The first shipment of civilian prisoners arrived on August 11, 1934. Later that month, more shiploads arrived, featuring, among other convicts, infamous mobster Al Capone. In September, George "Machine Gun" Kelly, another luminary of organized crime, landed on Alcatraz.

In the 1940s, a famous Alcatraz prisoner was Richard Stroud, the "Birdman of Alcatraz." A convicted murderer, Stroud wrote an important study on birds while being held in solitary confinement in Leavenworth Prison in Kansas. Regarded as extremely dangerous because of his 1916 murder of a guard at Leavenworth, he was transferred to Alcatraz in 1942. Stroud was not allowed to continue his avian research at Alcatraz.

Although some three dozen attempted, no prisoner was known to have successfully escaped "The Rock." However, the bodies of several escapees believed drowned in the treacherous waters of San Francisco Bay were never found. The story of the 1962 escape of three of these men, Frank Morris and brothers John and Clarence Anglin, inspired the 1979 film Escape from Alcatraz. Another prisoner, John Giles, caught a boat ride to the shore in 1945 dressed in an army uniform he had stolen piece by piece, but he was questioned by a suspicious officer after disembarking and sent back to Alcatraz. Only one man, John Paul Scott, was recorded to have reached the mainland by swimming, but he came ashore exhausted and hypothermic at the foot of the Golden Gate Bridge. Police found him lying unconscious and in a state of shock.

In 1963, U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy ordered Alcatraz closed, citing the high expense of its maintenance. In its 29-year run, Alcatraz housed more than 1,500 convicts. In March 1964 a group of Sioux Indians briefly occupied the island, citing an 1868 treaty with the Sioux allowing Indians to claim any "unoccupied government land." In November 1969, a group of nearly 100 Indian students and activists began a more prolonged occupation of the island, remaining there until they were forced off by federal marshals in June 1971.

In 1972, Alcatraz was opened to the public as part of the newly created Golden Gate National Recreation Area, which is maintained by the National Park Service. More than one million tourists visit Alcatraz Island and the former prison annually.
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American Revolution

Sir Frederick Haldimand born, 1718

Automotive

"American Graffiti" released, 1973

Civil War

Confederate General Early abandons Winchester, Virginia, 1864

Cold War

Reagan jokes about "outlawing" the Soviet Union, 1984

Crime

Carol Bundy confesses her connection to the "Sunset Slayer", 1980

Disaster

Hurricane submerges Louisiana resort, 1856

General Interest

Hussein succeeds to Jordanian throne, 1952

Watts Riot begins, 1965

Jonesboro schoolyard shooters guilty, 1998

Hollywood

American Graffiti opens, 1973

Literary

Alex Haley's birthday, 1921

Music

Hip Hop is born at a birthday party in the Bronx, 1973

Old West

Meriwether Lewis is shot in the leg, 1806

Presidential

Reagan jokes about bombing Russia, 1984

Sports

Major leaguers walk off the job, 1994

Vietnam War

U.S. pilots cleared to bomb Hanoi-Haiphong area, 1967

South Vietnamese troops assume responsibility for guarding border, 1970

Last U.S. ground combat unit departs South Vietnam, 1972

World War I

Weimar Constitution adopted in Germany , 1919

World War II

Germans begin to evacuate Sicily, 1943

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Amaury · Aug 12, 2012

8/12/1990: Skeleton of Tyrannosaurus Rex Discovered

On this day in 1990, fossil hunter Susan Hendrickson discovers three huge bones jutting out of a cliff near Faith, South Dakota. They turn out to be part of the largest-ever Tyrannosaurus rex skeleton ever discovered, a 65 million-year-old specimen dubbed Sue, after its discoverer.

Amazingly, Sue's skeleton was over 90 percent complete, and the bones were extremely well-preserved. Hendrickson's employer, the Black Hills Institute of Geological Research, paid $5,000 to the land owner, Maurice Williams, for the right to excavate the dinosaur skeleton, which was cleaned and transported to the company headquarters in Hill City. The institute's president, Peter Larson, announced plans to build a non-profit museum to display Sue along with other fossils of the Cretaceous period.

In 1992, a long legal battle began over Sue. The U.S. Attorney's Office claimed Sue's bones had been seized from federal land and were therefore government property. It was eventually found that Williams, a part-Native American and member of the Cheyenne River Sioux tribe, had traded his land to the tribe two decades earlier to avoid paying property taxes, and thus his sale of excavation rights to Black Hills had been invalid. In October 1997, Chicago's Field Museum purchased Sue at public auction at Sotheby's in New York City for $8.36 million, financed in part by the McDonald's and Disney corporations.

Sue's skeleton went on display at the Field Museum in May 2000. The tremendous T.rex skeleton--13 feet high at the hips and 42 feet long from head to toe--is displayed in one of the museum's main halls. Another exhibit gives viewers a close-up view of Sue's five foot-long, 2,000-pound skull with its 58 teeth, some as long as a human forearm.

Sue's extraordinarily well-preserved bones have allowed scientists to determine many things about the life of T.rex. They have determined that the carnivorous dinosaur had an incredible sense of smell, as the olfactory bulbs were each bigger than the cerebrum, the thinking part of the brain. In addition, Sue was the first T.rex skeleton to be discovered with a wishbone, a crucial discovery that provided support for scientistsâ€™ theory that birds are a type of living dinosaur. One thing that remains unknown is Sue's actual gender; to determine this, scientists would have to compare many more T.rex skeletons than the 22 that have been found so far.
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American Revolution

Washington anticipates British strategy, 1776

Automotive

"Tucker: The Man & His Dream" debuts, 1988

Civil War

John Hunt Morgan captures a Federal garrison at Gallatin, 1862

Cold War

East Germany begins construction of the Berlin Wall, 1961

Crime

Great Train robber escapes from prison, 1964

Disaster

Russian sub sinks with 118 onboard, 2000

General Interest

King Philip's War ends, 1676

Armistice ends the Spanish-American War, 1898

Soviets test "Layer-Cake" bomb, 1953

Nicklaus sets title record, 1973

JAL air crash, 1985

Hollywood

James Bond creator Ian Fleming dies, 1964

Literary

English poet laureate Robert Southey is born, 1774

Music

The Wizard of Oz movie musical premieres in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin, 1939

Old West

Fur trader Manuel Lisa dies, 1820

Sports

Rising NFL star paralyzed by hit, 1978

Vietnam War

Henry Cabot Lodge sworn in as Ambassador to Vietnam, 1965

VC launch new offensive, 1969

World War I

British Parliament passes Defense of the Realm Act , 1914

World War II

Hitler institutes the Mother's Cross, 1938

Roosevelt and Churchill confer, map out short- and long-term goals, 1941

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Amaury · Aug 13, 2012

8/13/1961: Berlin Is Divided

Shortly after midnight on this day in 1961, East German soldiers begin laying down barbed wire and bricks as a barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city.

After World War II, defeated Germany was divided into Soviet, American, British and French zones of occupation. The city of Berlin, though technically part of the Soviet zone, was also split, with the Soviets taking the eastern part of the city. After a massive Allied airlift in June 1948 foiled a Soviet attempt to blockade West Berlin, the eastern section was drawn even more tightly into the Soviet fold. Over the next 12 years, cut off from its western counterpart and basically reduced to a Soviet satellite, East Germany saw between 2.5 million and 3 million of its citizens head to West Germany in search of better opportunities. By 1961, some 1,000 East Germans--including many skilled laborers, professionals and intellectuals--were leaving every day.

In August, Walter Ulbricht, the Communist leader of East Germany, got the go-ahead from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev to begin the sealing off of all access between East and West Berlin. Soldiers began the work over the night of August 12-13, laying more than 100 miles of barbed wire slightly inside the East Berlin border. The wire was soon replaced by a six-foot-high, 96-mile-long wall of concrete blocks, complete with guard towers, machine gun posts and searchlights. East German officers known as Volkspolizei ("Volpos") patrolled the Berlin Wall day and night.

Many Berlin residents on that first morning found themselves suddenly cut off from friends or family members in the other half of the city. Led by their mayor, Willi Brandt, West Berliners demonstrated against the wall, as Brandt criticized Western democracies, particularly the United States, for failing to take a stand against it. President John F. Kennedy had earlier said publicly that the United States could only really help West Berliners and West Germans, and that any kind of action on behalf of East Germans would only result in failure.

The Berlin Wall was one of the most powerful and iconic symbols of the Cold War. In June 1963, Kennedy gave his famous "Ich bin ein Berliner" ("I am a Berliner") speech in front of the Wall, celebrating the city as a symbol of freedom and democracy in its resistance to tyranny and oppression. The height of the Wall was raised to 10 feet in 1970 in an effort to stop escape attempts, which at that time came almost daily. From 1961 to 1989, a total of 5,000 East Germans escaped; many more tried and failed. High profile shootings of some would-be defectors only intensified the Western world's hatred of the Wall.

Finally, in the late 1980s, East Germany, fueled by the decline of the Soviet Union, began to implement a number of liberal reforms. On November 9, 1989, masses of East and West Germans alike gathered at the Berlin Wall and began to climb over and dismantle it. As this symbol of Cold War repression was destroyed, East and West Germany became one nation again, signing a formal treaty of unification on October 3, 1990.
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American Revolution

Patriots ambush Loyalists as French set sail, 1781

Automotive

Rotary engine inventor Felix Wankel born, 1902

Civil War

Deep Bottom Run campaign begins, 1864

Cold War

Record day for the Berlin Airlift, 1948

Crime

Yosemite killer Cary Stayner born, 1961

Disaster

First victim of Memphis yellow-fever epidemic dies, 1878

General Interest

Aztec capital falls to CortÃ©s, 1521

Hitchcock born, 1899

Fidel Castro born, 1926

Hollywood

Fast Times at Ridgemont High debuts, 1982

Literary

Novelist and screenwriter William Goldman is born, 1931

Music

"Hound Dog" is recorded for the first time by Big Mama Thornton, 1952

Old West

Annie Oakley is born, 1860

Presidential

Reagan signs Economic Recovery Tax Act (ERTA), 1981

Sports

Yankee legend dies, 1995

Vietnam War

Prince Sihanouk criticizes the United States, 1966

Sappers raid Long Binh ammo dump, 1972

World War I

German crown council at Spa, 1918

World War II

The Battle of Britain escalates, 1940

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Amaury · Aug 16, 2012

Because of the downtime, I missed the history for Tuesday and yesterday, so here is the history for Tuesday and yesterday, as well as today.

8/14/2003: Blackout Hits Northeast United States

On this day in 2003, a major outage knocked out power across the eastern United States and parts of Canada. Beginning at 4:10 p.m. ET, 21 power plants shut down in just three minutes. Fifty million people were affected, including residents of New York, Cleveland and Detroit, as well as Toronto and Ottawa, Canada. Although power companies were able to resume some service in as little as two hours, power remained off in other places for more than a day. The outage stopped trains and elevators, and disrupted everything from cellular telephone service to operations at hospitals to traffic at airports. In New York City, it took more than two hours for passengers to be evacuated from stalled subway trains. Small business owners were affected when they lost expensive refrigerated stock. The loss of use of electric water pumps interrupted water service in many areas. There were even some reports of people being stranded mid-ride on amusement park roller coasters. At the New York Stock Exchange and bond market, though, trading was able to continue thanks to backup generators.

Authorities soon calmed the fears of jittery Americans that terrorists may have been responsible for the blackout, but they were initially unable to determine the cause of the massive outage. American and Canadian representatives pointed figures at each other, while politicians took the opportunity to point out major flaws in the region's outdated power grid. Finally, an investigation by a joint U.S.-Canada task force traced the problem back to an Ohio company, FirstEnergy
Corporation. When the company's EastLake plant shut down unexpectedly after overgrown trees came into contact with a power line, it triggered a series of problems that led to a chain reaction of outages. FirstEnergy was criticized for poor line maintenance, and more importantly, for failing to notice and address the problem in a timely manner--before it affected other areas.

Despite concerns, there were very few reports of looting or other blackout-inspired crime. In New York City, the police department, out in full force, actually recorded about 100 fewer arrests than average. In some places, citizens even took it upon themselves to mitigate the effects of the outage, by assisting elderly neighbors or helping to direct traffic in the absence of working traffic lights.
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American Revolution

Stamp Act remembered, 1776

Automotive

Hundred-year-old Michelin Man makes appearance in Monterey, 1998

Civil War

Confederate invasion of Kentucky begins, 1862

Cold War

Massive labor strikes hit Poland, 1980

Crime

A daughter poisons her father, 1751

The terrorist known as Carlos the Jackal is captured, 1994

Disaster

Logging accident sparks forest fire in Oregon Coast Range, 1933

General Interest

Russians settle Alaska, 1784

Peking relieved by multinational force, 1900

Hollywood

Steve Martin born, 1945

Literary

Richard Henry Dana sets sail from Boston Harbor, 1834

Music

Michael Jackson takes control of the Beatles' publishing rights, 1985

Old West

Montana "Vigilante X" is born, 1831

Presidential

FDR signs Social Security Act, 1935

Sports

Pitching ace throws first no-hitter, 1971

Vietnam War

Hanoi prepares for more air attacks, 1964

Seventh Marines land at Chu Lai, 1965

Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark reports on his tour of North Vietnam, 1972

U.S. bombing of Cambodia ceases, 1973

World War I

China declares war on Germany , 1917

World War II

Japan's surrender made public, 1945

In New York City alone, the estimated cost of the blackout was more than $500 million.

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8/15/1969: The Woodstock Festival Opens in Bethel, New York

On this day in 1969, the Woodstock Music Festival opens on a patch of farmland in White Lake, a hamlet in the upstate New York town of Bethel.

Promoters John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfield and Michael Lang originally envisioned the festival as a way to raise funds to build a recording studio and rock-and-roll retreat near the town of Woodstock, New York. The longtime artists' colony was already a home base for Bob Dylan and other musicians. Despite their relative inexperience, the young promoters managed to sign a roster of top acts, including the Jefferson Airplane, the Who, the Grateful Dead, Sly and the Family Stone, Janis Joplin, Jimi Hendrix, Creedence Clearwater Revival and many more. Plans for the festival were on the verge of foundering, however, after both Woodstock and the nearby town of Wallkill denied permission to hold the event. Dairy farmer Max Yasgur came to the rescue at the last minute, giving the promoters access to his 600 acres of land in Bethel, some 50 miles from Woodstock.

Early estimates of attendance increased from 50,000 to around 200,000, but by the time the gates opened on Friday, August 15, more than 400,000 people were clamoring to get in. Those without tickets simply walked through gaps in the fences, and the organizers were eventually forced to make the event free of charge. Folk singer and guitarist Richie Havens kicked off the event with a long set, and Joan Baez and Arlo Guthrie also performed on Friday night.

Somewhat improbably, the chaotic gathering of half a million young "hippies" lived up to its billing of "Three Days of Peace and Music." There were surprisingly few incidents of violence on the overcrowded grounds, and a number of musicians performed songs expressing their opposition to the Vietnam War. Among the many great moments at the Woodstock Music Festival were career-making performances by up-and-coming acts like Santana, Joe Cocker and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; the Who's early-morning set featuring songs from their classic rock opera "Tommy"; and the closing set by Hendrix, which climaxed with an improvised solo guitar performance of "The Star Spangled Banner."

Though Woodstock had left its promoters nearly bankrupt, their ownership of the film and recording rights more than compensated for the losses after the release of a hit documentary film in 1970. Later music festivals inspired by Woodstock's success failed to live up to its standard, and the festival still stands for many as a example of America's 1960s youth counterculture at its best.
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American Revolution

"Swamp Fox" routs loyalists while Gates' men fall ill, 1780

Automotive

Henry Ford leaves Edison to start automobile company, 1899

Civil War

Anderson named Department of Kentucky commander, 1861

Cold War

Khrushchev announces he is ready to begin arms talks, 1964

Crime

Wife of slain minister released from jail, 2006

Disaster

Hurricane Alicia pounds Texas coast, 1983

General Interest

Malcolm slays Macbeth, 1057

Panama Canal open to traffic, 1914

India and Pakistan win independence, 1947

Berlin Wall built, 1961

Hollywood

Apocalypse Now released, 1979

Literary

Edna Ferber, author of Show Boat, is born, 1887

Old West

Indian captive William Wells is killed, 1812

Presidential

Hoover looks to combat drought and economic depression, 1930

Sports

Charles Comiskey born, 1859

Vietnam War

Heavy fighting erupts in and around the DMZ, 1968

Woodstock begins in upstate New York, 1969

Regional Forces victorious, 1970

North Vietnamese capture Vietnamese marine base, 1971

World War I

Japan gives ultimatum to Germany, 1914

World War II

The Japanese emperor speaks, 1945

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8/16/1896: Gold Discovered in the Yukon

While salmon fishing near the Klondike River in Canada's Yukon Territory on this day in 1896, George Carmack reportedly spots nuggets of gold in a creek bed. His lucky discovery sparks the last great gold rush in the American West.

Hoping to cash in on reported gold strikes in Alaska, Carmack had traveled there from California in 1881. After running into a dead end, he headed north into the isolated Yukon Territory, just across the Canadian border. In 1896, another prospector, Robert Henderson, told Carmack of finding gold in a tributary of the Klondike River. Carmack headed to the region with two Native American companions, known as Skookum Jim and Tagish Charlie. On August 16, while camping near Rabbit Creek, Carmack reportedly spotted a nugget of gold jutting out from the creek bank. His two companions later agreed that Skookum Jim--Carmack's brother-in-law--actually made the discovery.

Regardless of who spotted the gold first, the three men soon found that the rock near the creek bed was thick with gold deposits. They staked their claim the following day. News of the gold strike spread fast across Canada and the United States, and over the next two years, as many as 50,000 would-be miners arrived in the region. Rabbit Creek was renamed Bonanza, and even more gold was discovered in another Klondike tributary, dubbed Eldorado.

"Klondike Fever" reached its height in the United States in mid-July 1897 when two steamships arrived from the Yukon in San Francisco and Seattle, bringing a total of more than two tons of gold. Thousands of eager young men bought elaborate "Yukon outfits" (kits assembled by clever marketers containing food, clothing, tools and other necessary equipment) and set out on their way north. Few of these would find what they were looking for, as most of the land in the region had already been claimed. One of the unsuccessful gold-seekers was 21-year-old Jack London, whose short stories based on his Klondike experience became his first book, The Son of the Wolf (1900).

For his part, Carmack became rich off his discovery, leaving the Yukon with $1 million worth of gold. Many individual gold miners in the Klondike eventually sold their stakes to mining companies, who had the resources and machinery to access more gold. Large-scale gold mining in the Yukon Territory didn't end until 1966, and by that time the region had yielded some $250 million in gold. Today, some 200 small gold mines still operate in the region.
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American Revolution

Continentals routed at Camden, South Carolina, 1780

Automotive

Los Angeles jury clears John Z. DeLorean of drug charges, 1984

Civil War

Confederate General John Chambliss is killed, 1864

Cold War

Paul Robeson loses appeal over his passport, 1955

Crime

Auto exec DeLorean cleared in drug-trafficking case, 1984

Disaster

Plane crashes into highway, 1987

General Interest

Detroit surrenders without a fight, 1812

Babe Ruth dies, 1948

Moroccan king survives attack by own air force, 1972

Elvis Presley dies, 1977

Hollywood

Madonna born, 1958

Literary

Poet Charles Bukowski is born, 1920

Music

The Ramones play their first public gig at CBGB's in downtown Manhattan, 1974

Old West

George Carmack discovers Klondike gold, 1896

Presidential

Tyler is burned in effigy outside White House, 1841

Sports

Batter sustains fatal injury at plate, 1920

Vietnam War

General Khanh ousts General Minh as chief of state, 1964

Congress investigates antiwar demonstrators, 1966

Tonkin Gulf Resolution challenged, 1967

Heavy air attacks on North Vietnam, 1972

World War I

Battle of Langemarck, 1917

World War II

Senior U.S. POW is released, 1945

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Amaury · Aug 17, 2012

8/17/1969: Woodstock Music Festival Concludes

On this day in 1969, the grooviest event in music history--the Woodstock Music Festival--draws to a close after three days of peace, love and rock 'n' roll in upstate New York.

Conceived as "Three Days of Peace and Music," Woodstock was a product of a partnership between John Roberts, Joel Rosenman, Artie Kornfield and Michael Lang. Their idea was to make enough money from the event to build a recording studio near the arty New York town of Woodstock. When they couldn't find an appropriate venue in the town itself, the promoters decided to hold the festival on a 600-acre dairy farm in Bethel, New York--some 50 miles from Woodstock--owned by Max Yasgur.

By the time the weekend of the festival arrived, the group had sold a total of 186,000 tickets and expected no more than 200,000 people to show up. By Friday night, however, thousands of eager early arrivals were pushing against the entrance gates. Fearing they could not control the crowds, the promoters made the decision to open the concert to everyone, free of charge. Close to half a million people attended Woodstock, jamming the roads around Bethel with eight miles of traffic.

Soaked by rain and wallowing in the muddy mess of Yasgur's fields, young fans best described as "hippies" euphorically took in the performances of acts like Janis Joplin, Arlo Guthrie, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, Creedence Clearwater Revival, The Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Sly and the Family Stone and Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young. The Who performed in the early morning hours of August 17, with Roger Daltrey belting out "See Me, Feel Me," from the now-classic album Tommy just as the sun began to rise. The most memorable moment of the concert for many fans was the closing performance by Jimi Hendrix, who gave a rambling, rocking solo guitar performance of "The Star Spangled Banner."

With not enough bathroom facilities and first-aid tents to accommodate such a huge crowd, many described the atmosphere at the festival as chaotic. There were surprisingly few episodes of violence, though one teenager was accidentally run over and killed by a tractor and another died from a drug overdose. A number of musicians performed songs expressing their opposition to the Vietnam War, a sentiment that was enthusiastically shared by the vast majority of the audience. Later, the term "Woodstock Nation" would be used as a general term to describe the youth counterculture of the 1960s.

A 25th anniversary celebration of Woodstock took place in 1994 in Saugerties, New York. Known as Woodstock II, the concert featured Bob Dylan and Crosby, Stills and Nash as well as newer acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Green Day. Held over another rainy, muddy weekend, the event drew an estimated 300,000 people.
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American Revolution

Connecticut Patriot Jonathan Trumbull dies, 1785

Automotive

Charles Kettering receives patent for electric self-starter, 1915

Civil War

Dakota uprising begins in Minnesota, 1862

Cold War

East Germans kill man trying to cross Berlin Wall, 1962

Crime

A serial rapist strikes in England, 1984

Disaster

Earthquake exposes weak infrastructure, 1999

General Interest

Patton wins race to Messina, 1943

Balloon crosses the Atlantic, 1978

Hitler's last living henchman dies, 1987

Deadly earthquake strikes Turkey, 1999

Hollywood

Robert De Niro born, 1943

Literary

Random House gives Colin Powell largest autobiography advance to date, 1993

Music

"The Night Chicago Died" by Paper Lace tops the U.S. pop charts, 1974

Old West

Billy the Kid kills his first man, 1877

Presidential

Clinton testifies before grand jury, 1998

Sports

Lou Gehrig goes the distance, 1933

Vietnam War

117,000 combat missions flown over North Vietnam in three years, 1968

U.S. troops to withdraw from Thailand, 1973

World War I

Russian troops invade East Prussia, 1914

World War II

Carlson's Raiders land on Makin Island, 1942

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Amaury · Aug 18, 2012

8/18/1991: Soviet Hard-Liners Launch Coup against Gorbachev

On this day in 1991, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest during a coup by high-ranking members of his own government, military and police forces.

Since becoming secretary of the Communist Party in 1985 and president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1988, Gorbachev had pursued comprehensive reforms of the Soviet system. Combining perestroika ("restructuring") of the economy--including a greater emphasis on free-market policies--and glasnost ("openness") in diplomacy, he greatly improved Soviet relations with Western democracies, particularly the United States. Meanwhile, though, within the USSR, Gorbachev faced powerful critics, including conservative, hard-line politicians and military officials who thought he was driving the Soviet Union toward its downfall and making it a second-rate power. On the other side were even more radical reformers--particularly Boris Yeltsin, president of the most powerful socialist republic, Russia--who complained that Gorbachev was just not working fast enough.

The August 1991 coup was carried out by the hard-line elements within Gorbachev's own administration, as well as the heads of the Soviet army and the KGB, or secret police. Detained at his vacation villa in the Crimea, he was placed under house arrest and pressured to give his resignation, which he refused to do. Claiming Gorbachev was ill, the coup leaders, headed by former vice president Gennady Yanayev, declared a state of emergency and attempted to take control of the government.

Yeltsin and his backers from the Russian parliament then stepped in, calling on the Russian people to strike and protest the coup. When soldiers tried to arrest Yeltsin, they found the way to the parliamentary building blocked by armed and unarmed civilians. Yeltsin himself climbed aboard a tank and spoke through a megaphone, urging the troops not to turn against the people and condemning the coup as a "new reign of terror." The soldiers backed off, some of them choosing to join the resistance. After thousands took the streets to demonstrate, the coup collapsed after only three days.

Gorbachev was released and flown to Moscow, but his regime had been dealt a deadly blow. Over the next few months, he dissolved the Communist Party, granted independence to the Baltic states, and proposed a looser, more economics-based federation among the remaining republics. In December 1991, Gorbachev resigned. Yeltsin capitalized on his defeat of the coup, emerging from the rubble of the former Soviet Union as the most powerful figure in Moscow and the leader of the newly formed Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
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American Revolution

British win at Fishing Creek, lose at Musgrove’s Mill, 1780

Automotive

Walter P. Chrysler dies, 1940

Civil War

Union attacks railroad at Globe Tavern, 1864

Cold War

Coup attempt against Gorbachev begins, 1991

Crime

A Seattle judge involved in a sex scandal commits suicide, 1988

Disaster

Yangtze River peaks in China, 1931

General Interest

Genghis Khan dies, 1227

Roanoke Colony deserted, 1590

Woman suffrage amendment ratified, 1920

Meredith graduates from Ole Miss, 1963

Hollywood

Director Roman Polanski born, 1933

Literary

Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov is published, 1958

Music

Chic's "Good Times" hits #1 on the U.S. pop charts, 1979

Old West

Cyrus Skinner released from San Quentin, 1853

Presidential

George Washington signs Jay Treaty with Britain, 1795

Sports

Larry Bird hangs it up, 1992

Vietnam War

Marines launch Operation Starlite, 1965

Australians defeat VC at Long Tan, 1966

Communists launch new offensive, 1968

Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw troops from Vietnam, 1971

World War I

Italians launch the 11th Battle of the Isonzo , 1917

World War II

Hitler suspends euthanasia program, 1941

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Amaury · Aug 19, 2012

8/19/1909: First Race Is Held at Indianapolis Motor Speedway

On this day in 1909, the first race is held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, now the home of the world's most famous motor racing competition, the Indianapolis 500.

Built on 328 acres of farmland five miles northwest of Indianapolis, Indiana, the speedway was started by local businessmen as a testing facility for Indiana's growing automobile industry. The idea was that occasional races at the track would pit cars from different manufacturers against each other. After seeing what these cars could do, spectators would presumably head down to the showroom of their choice to get a closer look.

The rectangular two-and-a-half-mile track linked four turns, each exactly 440 yards from start to finish, by two long and two short straight sections. In that first five-mile race on August 19, 1909, 12,000 spectators watched Austrian engineer Louis Schwitzer win with an average speed of 57.4 miles per hour. The track's surface of crushed rock and tar proved a disaster, breaking up in a number of places and causing the deaths of two drivers, two mechanics and two spectators.

The surface was soon replaced with 3.2 million paving bricks, laid in a bed of sand and fixed with mortar. Dubbed "The Brickyard," the speedway reopened in December 1909. In 1911, low attendance led the track's owners to make a crucial decision: Instead of shorter races, they resolved to focus on a single, longer event each year, for a much larger prize. That May 30 marked the debut of the Indy 500--a grueling 500-mile race that was an immediate hit with audiences and drew press attention from all over the country. Driver Ray Haroun won the purse of $14,250, with an average speed of 74.59 mph and a total time of 6 hours and 42 minutes.

Since 1911, the Indianapolis 500 has been held every year, with the exception of 1917-18 and 1942-45, when the United States was involved in the two world wars. With an average crowd of 400,000, the Indy 500 is the best-attended event in U.S. sports. In 1936, asphalt was used for the first time to cover the rougher parts of the track, and by 1941 most of the track was paved. The last of the speedway's original bricks were covered in 1961, except for a three-foot line of bricks left exposed at the start-finish line as a nostalgic reminder of the track's history.
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American Revolution

Americans raid Paulus Hook, New Jersey, 1779

Automotive

Louis Schwitzer wins first race at Indianapolis Motor Speedway, 1909

Civil War

Dakota Indians bypass Fort Ridgely, 1862

Cold War

CIA-assisted coup overthrows government of Iran, 1953

Crime

A Jewish youth is killed by a mob, 1991

"West Memphis Three" released from prison after 18 years, 2011

Disaster

Fire on Saudi jet kills 301, 1980

General Interest

Old Ironsides earns its name, 1812

Allies raid Dieppe, 1942

Captured U.S. spy pilot sentenced in Russia, 1960

Hollywood

Basinger and Baldwin marry, 1993

Literary

Joseph Conrad becomes a British citizen, 1886

Music

The Beatles kick off first U.S. tour at San Francisco's Cow Palace, 1964

Old West

John Wesley Hardin killed in Texas, 1895

Presidential

Bill Clinton born, 1946

Sports

Little person makes big league debut, 1951

Vietnam War

Many Americans against a bombing halt, 1968

Cambodia and U.S. sign military aid pact, 1970

Democratic candidate McGovern attacks Nixon policy in Vietnam, 1972

World War I

President Wilson appears before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee , 1919

World War II

Adolf Hitler becomes president of Germany, 1934

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Jiηx · Aug 19, 2012

it's amazing this has been going on for a whole year nearly, it's almost at a close, good for you for keeping up with this Amaury!

Amaury · Aug 20, 2012

8/20/1911: First around-the-World Telegram Sent, 66 Years before Voyager II Launch

On this day in 1911, a dispatcher in the New York Times office sends the first telegram around the world via commercial service. Exactly 66 years later, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) sends a different kind of message--a phonograph record containing information about Earth for extraterrestrial beings--shooting into space aboard the unmanned spacecraft Voyager II.

The Times decided to send its 1911 telegram in order to determine how fast a commercial message could be sent around the world by telegraph cable. The message, reading simply "This message sent around the world," left the dispatch room on the 17th floor of the Times building in New York at 7 p.m. on August 20. After it traveled more than 28,000 miles, being relayed by 16 different operators, through San Francisco, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Saigon, Singapore, Bombay, Malta, Lisbon and the Azores--among other locations--the reply was received by the same operator 16.5 minutes later. It was the fastest time achieved by a commercial cablegram since the opening of the Pacific cable in 1900 by the Commercial Cable Company.

On August 20, 1977, a NASA rocket launched Voyager II, an unmanned 1,820-pound spacecraft, from Cape Canaveral, Florida. It was the first of two such crafts to be launched that year on a "Grand Tour" of the outer planets, organized to coincide with a rare alignment of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Aboard Voyager II was a 12-inch copper phonograph record called "Sounds of Earth." Intended as a kind of introductory time capsule, the record included greetings in 60 languages and scientific information about Earth and the human race, along with classical, jazz and rock 'n' roll music, nature sounds like thunder and surf, and recorded messages from President Jimmy Carter and other world leaders.

The brainchild of astronomer Carl Sagan, the record was sent with Voyager II and its twin craft, Voyager I--launched just two weeks later--in the faint hope that it might one day be discovered by extraterrestrial creatures. The record was sealed in an aluminum jacket that would keep it intact for 1 billion years, along with instructions on how to play the record, with a cartridge and needle provided.

More importantly, the two Voyager crafts were designed to explore the outer solar system and send information and photographs of the distant planets to Earth. Over the next 12 years, the mission proved a smashing success. After both crafts flew by Jupiter and Saturn, Voyager I went flying off towards the solar system's edge while Voyager II visited Uranus, Neptune and finally Pluto in 1990 before sailing off to join its twin in the outer solar system.

Thanks to the Voyager program, NASA scientists gained a wealth of information about the outer planets, including close-up photographs of Saturn's seven rings; evidence of active geysers and volcanoes exploding on some of the four planets' 22 moons; winds of more than 1,500 mph on Neptune; and measurements of the magnetic fields on Uranus and Neptune. The two crafts are expected to continue sending data until 2020, or until their plutonium-based power sources run out. After that, they will continue to sail on through the galaxy for millions of years to come, barring some unexpected collision.
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American Revolution

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

Automotive

Record-setting tow-truck parade held in Washington State, 2004

Civil War

Horace Greeley's "The Prayer of Twenty Millions" is published, 1862

Cold War

Soviet Union intervenes in Czechoslovakia, 1968

Crime

The Menendez brothers murder their parents, 1989

Disaster

Trains collide and explode in India, 1995

General Interest

Trotsky assassinated in Mexico, 1940

Soviets Invade Czechoslovakia, 1968

Viking 1 launched to Mars, 1975

U.S. Marines deployed to Lebanon, 1982

Hollywood

Valley of the Dolls author Jacqueline Susann born, 1918

Literary

Jacqueline Susann born, 1921

Music

"Best of My Love," by the Emotions, hits the top of the U.S. pop charts, 1977

Old West

Corps of Discovery suffers its only death, 1804

Presidential

Benjamin Harrison is born, 1833

Sports

Professional football is born, 1920

Vietnam War

United States decides to support Diem, 1954

Minh and Ky withdraw from presidential race, 1971

Military aid to Saigon slashed, 1974

World War I

German artist unveils monument honoring soldiers killed in World War I, 1932

World War II

Brits launch Operation Wallace and aid French Resistance, 1944

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Amaury · Aug 21, 2012

8/21/1959: Hawaii Becomes 50th State

The modern United States receives its crowning star when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a proclamation admitting Hawaii into the Union as the 50th state. The president also issued an order for an American flag featuring 50 stars arranged in staggered rows: five six-star rows and four five-star rows. The new flag became official July 4, 1960.

The first known settlers of the Hawaiian Islands were Polynesian voyagers who arrived sometime in the eighth century. In the early 18th century, American traders came to Hawaii to exploit the islands' sandalwood, which was much valued in China at the time. In the 1830s, the sugar industry was introduced to Hawaii and by the mid 19th century had become well established. American missionaries and planters brought about great changes in Hawaiian political, cultural, economic, and religious life. In 1840, a constitutional monarchy was established, stripping the Hawaiian monarch of much of his authority.

In 1893, a group of American expatriates and sugar planters supported by a division of U.S. Marines deposed Queen Liliuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaii. One year later, the Republic of Hawaii was established as a U.S. protectorate with Hawaiian-born Sanford B. Dole as president. Many in Congress opposed the formal annexation of Hawaii, and it was not until 1898, following the use of the naval base at Pearl Harbor during the Spanish-American War, that Hawaii's strategic importance became evident and formal annexation was approved. Two years later, Hawaii was organized into a formal U.S. territory. During World War II, Hawaii became firmly ensconced in the American national identity following the surprise Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941.

In March 1959, the U.S. government approved statehood for Hawaii, and in June the Hawaiian people voted by a wide majority to accept admittance into the United States. Two months later, Hawaii officially became the 50th state.
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American Revolution

Bloody Ban Tarleton born in Britain, 1754

Automotive

Olds Motor Works founded, 1897

Civil War

Guerillas massacre residents of Lawrence, Kansas, 1863

Cold War

Coup attempt against Gorbachev collapses, 1991

Crime

Outlaws attack Lawrence, Kansas, 1863

Theft of Mona Lisa is discovered, 1911

Disaster

Gas cloud kills Cameroon villagers, 1986

General Interest

Slave revolt erupts in Virginia, 1831

Lincoln-Douglas debates begin, 1858

Kenyatta freed, 1961

Hollywood

Dirty Dancing opens, 1987

Literary

Christopher Robin's birthday, 1920

Music

The Swing Era begins with Benny Goodman's triumphant Palomar Ballroom performance, 1935

Old West

Trial of Frank James begins in Missouri, 1883

Presidential

Eisenhower signs Hawaii statehood bill, 1959

Sports

Michael Phelps wins eighth medal, 2004

Vietnam War

Nhu's Special Forces attack the Buddhists, 1963

U.S. pilots given green light to go after anti-aircraft missiles in the North, 1965

Nixon meets with South Korean President, 1969

Antiwar protestors raid draft offices, 1971

World War I

Battles of the Frontiers fought near Ardennes and Charleroi, 1914

World War II

The seeds of the United Nations are planted, 1944

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