http://www.kh-vids.net/showthread.php?p=3171700#post3171700 *Coughs* If you get the time, it would be nice if you responded.
I always have a fluff ball or two on my bed when I go to sleep. :|
Would you ever live in a tree?
But we still don't use wind power for some reason! D: lol
Sir! Yes sir! I would still like the gif, Sir!
Titties and guys with long hair huh? Sounds like a sexy place to be. *thumbs up* ;)
Youtube Link to video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lmUGJ3Jh7fc Time: 05:34-5:41 Dimensions: Default Text at beggining " Scientists have not found any transitional fossils you say? Then what are these?" then show the pictures. Please and thank you!
Try bloom carroll High school.... :/gasp: I am so glad I graduated.
Menuhin -Malaguena by Sarasate
Here is a small list of transitional fossils(AKA missing links) from http://www.holysmoke.org/tran-icr.htm . Try not to hurt yourself. Code: Transition from primitive jawless fish to sharks, skates, and rays: Cladoselachians (e.g., Cladoselache). Hybodonts (e.g. Hybodus) Heterodonts (e.g. Heterodontus) Hexanchids (e.g. Chlamydoselache) Transition from primitive bony fish to holostean fish: Palaeoniscoids (e.g. Cheirolepis); living chondrosteans such as Polypterus and Calamoichthys, and also the living acipenseroid chondrosteans such as sturgeons and paddlefishes. Primitive holosteans such as Semionotus. Transition from holostean fish to advanced teleost fish: Leptolepidomorphs, esp. Leptolepis, an excellent holostean-teleost intermediate Elopomorphs, both fossil and living (tarpons, eels) Clupeomorphs (e.g. Diplomystus) Osteoglossomorphs (e.g. Portheus) Protacanthopterygians Transition from primitive bony fish to amphibians: Paleoniscoids again (e.g. Cheirolepis) Osteolepis -- one of the earliest crossopterygian lobe-finned fishes, still sharing some characters with the lungfish (the other group of lobe-finned fish). Had paired fins with a leg-like arrangement of bones, and had an early-amphibian-like skull and teeth. Eusthenopteron (and other rhipidistian crossopterygian fish) -- intermediate between early crossopterygian fish and the earliest amphibians. Skull very amphibian-like. Strong amphibian-like backbone. Fins very like early amphibian feet. Icthyostegids (such as Icthyostega and Icthyostegopsis) -- Terrestrial amphibians with many of Eusthenopteron's fish features (e.g., the fin rays of the tail were retained). Some debate about whether Icthyostega should be considered a fish or an amphibian; it is an excellent transitional fossil. Labyrinthodonts (e.g., Pholidogaster, Pteroplax) -- still have some icthyostegid features, but have lost many of the fish features (e.g., the fin rays are gone, vertebrae are stronger and interlocking, the nasal passage for air intake is well defined.) Transition from amphibians to reptiles: Seymouriamorph labyrinthodonts (e.g. Seymouria) -- classic labyrinthodont skull and teeth, with reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, humerus, and digits; amphibian ankle. Cotylosaurs (e.g. Hylonomus, Limnoscelis) -- slightly amphibian skull (e.g. with amphibian-type pineal opening), with rest of skeleton classically reptilian. The cotylosaurs gave rise to many reptile groups of tremendous variety. I won't go into the transitions from cotylosaurs to the advanced anapsid reptiles (turtles and possibly mesosaurs), to the euryapsid reptiles (icthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and others), or to the lepidosaurs (eosuchians, lizards, snakes, and the tuatara), or to most of the dinosaurs, since I don't have infinite time. Instead I'll concentrate on the synapsid reptiles (which gave rise to mammals) and the archosaur reptiles (which gave rise to birds). Transition from reptiles to mammals: Pelycosaur synapsids -- classic reptilian skeleton, intermediate between the cotylosaurs (the earliest reptiles) and the therapsids (see next) Therapsids (e.g. Dimetrodon) -- the numerous therapsid fossils show gradual transitions from reptilian features to mammalian features. For example: the hard palate forms, the teeth differentiate, the occipital condyle on the base of the skull doubles, the ribs become restricted to the chest instead of extending down the whole body, the legs become "pulled in" instead of sprawled out, the ilium (major bone of the hip) expands forward. Cynodont theriodonts (e.g. Cynognathus) -- very mammal-like reptiles. Or is that reptile-like mammals? Highly differentiated teeth (a classic mammalian feature), with accessory cusps on cheek teeth; strongly differentiated vertebral column (with distinct types of vertebrae for the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and tail -- very mammalian), mammalian scapula, mammalian limbs, mammalian digits (e.g. reduction of number of bones in the first digit). But, still has unmistakably reptilian jaw joint. Tritilodont theriodonts (e.g. Tritylodon, Bienotherium) -- skull even more mammalian (e.g. advanced zygomatic arches). Still has reptilian jaw joint. Ictidosaur theriodonts (e.g. Diarthrognathus) -- has all the mammalian features of the tritilodonts, and has a double jaw joint; both the reptilian jaw joint and the mammalian jaw joint were present, side-by-side, in Diarthrognathus's skull. A really stunning transitional fossil. Morganucodonts (e.g. Morganucodon) -- early mammals. Double jaw joint, but now the mammalian joint is dominant (the reptilian joint bones are beginning to move inward; in modern mammals these are the bones of the middle ear). Eupantotheres (e.g. Amphitherium) -- these mammals begin to show the complex molar cusp patterns characteristic of modern marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals). Mammalian jaw joint. Proteutherians (e.g. Zalambdalestes) -- small, early insectivores with molars intermediate between eupantothere molars and modern eutherian molars. Those wondering how egg-laying reptiles could make the transition to placental mammals may wish to study the reproductive biology of the monotremes (egg-laying mammals) and the marsupials. The monotremes in particular could almost be considered "living transitional fossils". [see Peter Lamb's suggested marsupial references at end] Transition from reptiles to birds: Lisboasaurus estesi and other "troodontid dinosaur-birds" -- a bird-like reptile with very bird-like teeth (that is, teeth very like those of early toothed birds [modern birds have no teeth]). May not have been a direct ancestor; may have been a "cousin" of the birds instead. Protoavis -- this is a highly controversial fossil that may or may not be an extremely early bird. Not enough of the fossil was recovered to determine if it is definitely related to the birds, or not. I mention it in case people have heard about it recently. Archeopteryx -- reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, tail, skull, teeth, digits, claws, sternum. Avian furcula (wishbone, for attachment of flight muscles), forelimbs, and lift-producing flight feathers. Archeopteryx could probably fly from tree to tree, but couldn't take off from the ground, since it lacked a keeled breastbone (for attachment of large flight muscles) and had a weak shoulder (relative to modern birds). "Chinese bird" [I don't know what name was given to this fossil] -- A fossil dating from 10-15 million years after Archeopteryx. Bird-like claws on the toes, flight-specialized shoulders, fair-sized sternal keel (modern birds usually have large sternal keel); also has reptilian stomach ribs, reptilian unfused hand bones, & reptilian pelvis. This bird has a fused tail ("pygostyle"), but I don't know how long it was, or if it was all fused or just part of it was fused. "Las Hoyas bird" [I don't know what name was given to this fossil] -- This fossil dates from 20-30 m.y. after Archeopteryx. It still has reptilian pelvis & legs, with bird-like shoulder. Tail is medium-length with a fused tip (Archeopteryx had long, unfused tail; modern birds have short, fused tail). Fossil down feather was found with the Las Hoyas bird. Toothed Cretaceous birds, e.g. Hesperornis and Ichthyornis. Skeleton further modified for flight (fusion of pelvis bones, fusion of hand bones, short & fused tail). Still had true socketed teeth, which are missing in modern birds. [note: a classic study of chicken embryos showed that chicken bills can be induced to develop teeth, indicating that chickens (and perhaps other modern birds) still retain the genes for making teeth.] Now, on to some of the classes of mammals. Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to primates: Early primates -- paromomyids, carpolestids, plesiadapids. Lemur-like clawed primates with generalized nails. Notharctus, an early Eocene lemur Parapithecus, a small Old World monkey (Oligocene) Propliopithecus, a small primate intermediate between Parapithecus and the more recent O.W. monkeys. Has several ape-like characters. Aegyptopithecus, an early ape. Limnopithecus, a later ape showing similarities to the modern gibbons. Dryopithecus, a later ape showing similarities to the non-gibbon apes. Ramapithecus, a dryopithecine-like ape showing similarities to the hominids but now thought to be an orang ancestor. Australopithecus spp., early hominids. Bipedal. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Numerous fossils across the Old World. Homo sapiens sapiens. This is us. (NB: "Cro-magnon man" belongs here too. Cro-magnons were a specific population of modern humans.) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (not on the direct line to H. sapiens sapiens, but worth mentioning). [I haven't described these fossils in detail because they're fairly well covered in any intro biology text, or in any of several good general- interest books on human evolution.] Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to rodents: Paramyids, e.g. Paramys -- early "primitive" rodent Paleocastor -- transitional from paramyids to beavers [yick. I was going to summarize rodent fossils but Paramys and its friends gave rise to 5 enormous and very diverse groups of rodents, with about ten zillion fossils. Never mind.] Transitional fossils among the cetaceans (whales & dolphins): Pakicetus -- the oldest fossil whale known. Only the skull was found. It is a distinct whale skull, but with nostrils in the position of a land animal (tip of snout). The ears were partially modified for hearing under water. This fossil was found in association with fossils of land mammals, suggesting this early whale maybe could walk on land. Basilosaurus isis -- a recently discovered "legged" whale from the Eocene (after Pakicetus). Had hind feet with 3 toes and a tiny remnant of the 2nd toe (the big toe is totally missing). The legs were small and must have been useless for locomotion, but were specialized for swinging forward into a locked straddle position -- probably an aid to copulation for this long-bodied, serpentine whale. Archaeocetes (e.g. Protocetus, Eocetus) -- have lost hind legs entirely, but retain "primitive whale" skull and teeth, with forward nostrils. Squalodonts (e.g. Prosqualodon) -- whale-like skull with dorsal nostrils (blowhole), still with un-whale-like teeth. Kentriodon, an early toothed whale with whale-like teeth. Mesocetus, an early whalebone whale [note: very rarely a modern whale is found with tiny hind legs, showing that some whales still retain the genes for making hind legs.] Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to the carnivores: Miacids (e.g. Viverravus and Miacis) -- small weasel-like animals with very carnivore-like teeth, esp. the carnassial teeth. Arctoids (e.g. Cynodictis, Hesperocyon) -- intermediate between miacids and dogs. Limbs have elongated, carnassials are more specialized, braincase is larger. Cynodesmus, Tomarctus -- transitional fossils between arctoids and the modern dog genus Canis. Hemicyon, Ursavus -- heavy doglike fossils between the arctoids and the bears. Indarctos -- early bear. Carnassial teeth have no shearing action, molars are square, short tail, heavy limbs. Transitional to the modern genus Ursus. Phlaocyon -- a climbing carnivore with non-shearing carnassials, transitional from the arctoids to the procyonids (raccoons et al.) Meanwhile back at the ranch, Plesictis, transitional between miacids (see above) and mustelids (weasels et al.) Stenoplesictis and Palaeoprionodon, early civets related to the miacids (see above) Tunguricits, transitional between early civets and modern civets Ictitherium, transitional between early civets to hyenas Proailurus, transitional from early civets to early cats Dinictis, transitional from early cats to modern "feline" cats Hoplophoneus, transitional from early cats to "saber-tooth" cats Transitional fossils from early eutherians to hoofed animals: Arctocyonid condylarths -- insectivore-like small mammals with classic mammalian teeth and clawed feet. Mesonychid condylarths -- similar to the arctocyonids, but with blunt crushing-type cheek teeth, and flattened nails instead of claws. Late condylarths, e.g. Phenocodus -- a fair-sized animal with hoofs on each toe (all toes were present), a continuous series of crushing-type cheek teeth with herbivore-type cusps, and no collarbone (like modern hoofed animals). Transitional fossils from early hoofed animals to perissodactyls: [Perissodactyls are animals with an odd number of toes; most of the weight is borne by the central 3rd toe. Horses, rhinos, tapirs.] Tetraclaeonodon -- a Paleocene condylarth showing perissodactyl-like teeth Hyracotherium -- the famous "dawn horse", an early perissodactyl, with more elongated digits and interlocking ankle bones, and slightly different tooth cusps, compared to to Tetraclaeonodon. A small, doggish animal with an arched back, short neck, and short snout; had 4 toes in front and 3 behind. Omnivore teeth. [The rest of horse evolution will be covered in an upcoming "horse fossils" post in a few weeks. To whet your appetite:] Orohippus -- small, 4/3 toed, developing browser tooth crests Epihippus -- small, 4/3 toed, good tooth crests, browser Epihippus (Duchesnehippus) -- a subgenus with Mesohippus-like teeth Mesohippus -- 3 toed on all feet, browser, slightly larger Miohippus -- 3 toed browser, slightly larger [gave rise to lots of successful three-toed browsers] Parahippus -- 3 toed browser/grazer, developing "spring foot" 'Parahippus' leonensis -- a Merychippus-like species of Parahippus 'Merychippus' gunteri -- a Parahippus-like species of Merychippus 'Merychippus' primus -- a more typical Merychippus, but still very like Parahippus. Merychippus -- 3 toed grazer, spring-footed, size of small pony (gave rise to tons of successful three-toed grazers) Merychippus (Protohippus) -- a subgenus of Merychippus developing Pliohippus-like teeth. Pliohippus & Dinohippus -- one-toed grazers, spring-footed Equus (Plesippus) -- like modern equines but teeth slightly simpler. Equus (Hippotigris), the modern 1-toed spring-footed grazing zebras. Equus (Equus), the modern 1-toed spring-footed grazing horses & donkeys. [note: very rarely a horse is born with small visible side toes, indicating that some horses retain the genes for side toes.] Hyrachyids -- transitional from perissodactyl-like condylarths to tapirs Heptodonts, e.g. Lophiodont -- a small horse-like tapir, transitional to modern tapirs Protapirus -- a probable descendent of Lophiodont, much like modern tapirs but without the flexible snout. Miotapirus -- an almost-modern tapir with a flexible snout, transitional between Protapirus and the modern Tapirus. Hyracodonts -- early "running rhinoceroses", transitional to modern rhinos Caenopus, a large, hornless, generalized rhino transitional between the hyracodonts and the various later groups of modern & extinct rhinos. Transitional fossils from early hoofed animals to some of the artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed animals): Dichobunoids, e.g. Diacodexis, transitional between condylarths and all the artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed animals). Very condylarth-like but with a notably artiodactyl-like ankle. Propalaeochoerus, an early pig, transitional between Diacodexis and modern pigs. Protylopus, a small, short-necked, four-toed animal, transitional between dichobunoids and early camels. From here the camel lineage goes through Protomeryx, Procamelus, Pleauchenia, Lama (which are still alive; these are the llamas) and finally Camelus, the modern camels. Archeomeryx, a rabbit-sized, four-toed animal, transitional between the dichobunoids and the early deer. From here the deer lineage goes through Eumeryx, Paleomeryx and Blastomeryx, Dicrocerus (with antlers) and then a shmoo of successful groups that survive today as modern deer -- muntjacs, cervines, white-tail relatives, moose, reindeer, etc., etc. Palaeotragus, transitional between early artiodactyls and the okapi & giraffe. Actually the okapi hasn't changed much since Palaeotragus and is essentially a living Miocene giraffe. After Palaeotragus came Giraffa, with elongated legs & neck, and Sivatherium, large ox-like giraffes that almost survived to the present. Enjoy this quick video. The first comprehensive comparison of the genetic blueprints of humans and chimpanzees shows our closest living relatives share perfect identity with 96 percent of our DNA sequence, an international research consortium reported today. If god is omniscent then he knew that A&E would eat the fruit, and therefore he knew that a world of murder, rape, disease, and hell would be the offspring of placing such a fruit. Since Adam and Eve could not tell good from evil they were simply naive humans who could not think. So then why would the G.O.A punish the humans mortal lifes, for being able to think for themselves? Women must now conceive offspring out of their uterus and through the vagina. Without modren medicine today more women would die during child birth thus killing the unborn babies. If that isn't bad enough he says that man shall rule of women. Man was was labored with farming crops in order to get food. Pretty sexist that man gets the good end of the deal.
Transition from primitive jawless fish to sharks, skates, and rays: Cladoselachians (e.g., Cladoselache). Hybodonts (e.g. Hybodus) Heterodonts (e.g. Heterodontus) Hexanchids (e.g. Chlamydoselache) Transition from primitive bony fish to holostean fish: Palaeoniscoids (e.g. Cheirolepis); living chondrosteans such as Polypterus and Calamoichthys, and also the living acipenseroid chondrosteans such as sturgeons and paddlefishes. Primitive holosteans such as Semionotus. Transition from holostean fish to advanced teleost fish: Leptolepidomorphs, esp. Leptolepis, an excellent holostean-teleost intermediate Elopomorphs, both fossil and living (tarpons, eels) Clupeomorphs (e.g. Diplomystus) Osteoglossomorphs (e.g. Portheus) Protacanthopterygians Transition from primitive bony fish to amphibians: Paleoniscoids again (e.g. Cheirolepis) Osteolepis -- one of the earliest crossopterygian lobe-finned fishes, still sharing some characters with the lungfish (the other group of lobe-finned fish). Had paired fins with a leg-like arrangement of bones, and had an early-amphibian-like skull and teeth. Eusthenopteron (and other rhipidistian crossopterygian fish) -- intermediate between early crossopterygian fish and the earliest amphibians. Skull very amphibian-like. Strong amphibian-like backbone. Fins very like early amphibian feet. Icthyostegids (such as Icthyostega and Icthyostegopsis) -- Terrestrial amphibians with many of Eusthenopteron's fish features (e.g., the fin rays of the tail were retained). Some debate about whether Icthyostega should be considered a fish or an amphibian; it is an excellent transitional fossil. Labyrinthodonts (e.g., Pholidogaster, Pteroplax) -- still have some icthyostegid features, but have lost many of the fish features (e.g., the fin rays are gone, vertebrae are stronger and interlocking, the nasal passage for air intake is well defined.) Transition from amphibians to reptiles: Seymouriamorph labyrinthodonts (e.g. Seymouria) -- classic labyrinthodont skull and teeth, with reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, humerus, and digits; amphibian ankle. Cotylosaurs (e.g. Hylonomus, Limnoscelis) -- slightly amphibian skull (e.g. with amphibian-type pineal opening), with rest of skeleton classically reptilian. The cotylosaurs gave rise to many reptile groups of tremendous variety. I won't go into the transitions from cotylosaurs to the advanced anapsid reptiles (turtles and possibly mesosaurs), to the euryapsid reptiles (icthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and others), or to the lepidosaurs (eosuchians, lizards, snakes, and the tuatara), or to most of the dinosaurs, since I don't have infinite time. Instead I'll concentrate on the synapsid reptiles (which gave rise to mammals) and the archosaur reptiles (which gave rise to birds). Transition from reptiles to mammals: Pelycosaur synapsids -- classic reptilian skeleton, intermediate between the cotylosaurs (the earliest reptiles) and the therapsids (see next) Therapsids (e.g. Dimetrodon) -- the numerous therapsid fossils show gradual transitions from reptilian features to mammalian features. For example: the hard palate forms, the teeth differentiate, the occipital condyle on the base of the skull doubles, the ribs become restricted to the chest instead of extending down the whole body, the legs become "pulled in" instead of sprawled out, the ilium (major bone of the hip) expands forward. Cynodont theriodonts (e.g. Cynognathus) -- very mammal-like reptiles. Or is that reptile-like mammals? Highly differentiated teeth (a classic mammalian feature), with accessory cusps on cheek teeth; strongly differentiated vertebral column (with distinct types of vertebrae for the neck, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and tail -- very mammalian), mammalian scapula, mammalian limbs, mammalian digits (e.g. reduction of number of bones in the first digit). But, still has unmistakably reptilian jaw joint. Tritilodont theriodonts (e.g. Tritylodon, Bienotherium) -- skull even more mammalian (e.g. advanced zygomatic arches). Still has reptilian jaw joint. Ictidosaur theriodonts (e.g. Diarthrognathus) -- has all the mammalian features of the tritilodonts, and has a double jaw joint; both the reptilian jaw joint and the mammalian jaw joint were present, side-by-side, in Diarthrognathus's skull. A really stunning transitional fossil. Morganucodonts (e.g. Morganucodon) -- early mammals. Double jaw joint, but now the mammalian joint is dominant (the reptilian joint bones are beginning to move inward; in modern mammals these are the bones of the middle ear). Eupantotheres (e.g. Amphitherium) -- these mammals begin to show the complex molar cusp patterns characteristic of modern marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals). Mammalian jaw joint. Proteutherians (e.g. Zalambdalestes) -- small, early insectivores with molars intermediate between eupantothere molars and modern eutherian molars. Those wondering how egg-laying reptiles could make the transition to placental mammals may wish to study the reproductive biology of the monotremes (egg-laying mammals) and the marsupials. The monotremes in particular could almost be considered "living transitional fossils". [see Peter Lamb's suggested marsupial references at end] Transition from reptiles to birds: Lisboasaurus estesi and other "troodontid dinosaur-birds" -- a bird-like reptile with very bird-like teeth (that is, teeth very like those of early toothed birds [modern birds have no teeth]). May not have been a direct ancestor; may have been a "cousin" of the birds instead. Protoavis -- this is a highly controversial fossil that may or may not be an extremely early bird. Not enough of the fossil was recovered to determine if it is definitely related to the birds, or not. I mention it in case people have heard about it recently. Archeopteryx -- reptilian vertebrae, pelvis, tail, skull, teeth, digits, claws, sternum. Avian furcula (wishbone, for attachment of flight muscles), forelimbs, and lift-producing flight feathers. Archeopteryx could probably fly from tree to tree, but couldn't take off from the ground, since it lacked a keeled breastbone (for attachment of large flight muscles) and had a weak shoulder (relative to modern birds). "Chinese bird" [I don't know what name was given to this fossil] -- A fossil dating from 10-15 million years after Archeopteryx. Bird-like claws on the toes, flight-specialized shoulders, fair-sized sternal keel (modern birds usually have large sternal keel); also has reptilian stomach ribs, reptilian unfused hand bones, & reptilian pelvis. This bird has a fused tail ("pygostyle"), but I don't know how long it was, or if it was all fused or just part of it was fused. "Las Hoyas bird" [I don't know what name was given to this fossil] -- This fossil dates from 20-30 m.y. after Archeopteryx. It still has reptilian pelvis & legs, with bird-like shoulder. Tail is medium-length with a fused tip (Archeopteryx had long, unfused tail; modern birds have short, fused tail). Fossil down feather was found with the Las Hoyas bird. Toothed Cretaceous birds, e.g. Hesperornis and Ichthyornis. Skeleton further modified for flight (fusion of pelvis bones, fusion of hand bones, short & fused tail). Still had true socketed teeth, which are missing in modern birds. [note: a classic study of chicken embryos showed that chicken bills can be induced to develop teeth, indicating that chickens (and perhaps other modern birds) still retain the genes for making teeth.] Now, on to some of the classes of mammals. Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to primates: Early primates -- paromomyids, carpolestids, plesiadapids. Lemur-like clawed primates with generalized nails. Notharctus, an early Eocene lemur Parapithecus, a small Old World monkey (Oligocene) Propliopithecus, a small primate intermediate between Parapithecus and the more recent O.W. monkeys. Has several ape-like characters. Aegyptopithecus, an early ape. Limnopithecus, a later ape showing similarities to the modern gibbons. Dryopithecus, a later ape showing similarities to the non-gibbon apes. Ramapithecus, a dryopithecine-like ape showing similarities to the hominids but now thought to be an orang ancestor. Australopithecus spp., early hominids. Bipedal. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Numerous fossils across the Old World. Homo sapiens sapiens. This is us. (NB: "Cro-magnon man" belongs here too. Cro-magnons were a specific population of modern humans.) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis (not on the direct line to H. sapiens sapiens, but worth mentioning). [I haven't described these fossils in detail because they're fairly well covered in any intro biology text, or in any of several good general- interest books on human evolution.] Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to rodents: Paramyids, e.g. Paramys -- early "primitive" rodent Paleocastor -- transitional from paramyids to beavers [yick. I was going to summarize rodent fossils but Paramys and its friends gave rise to 5 enormous and very diverse groups of rodents, with about ten zillion fossils. Never mind.] Transitional fossils among the cetaceans (whales & dolphins): Pakicetus -- the oldest fossil whale known. Only the skull was found. It is a distinct whale skull, but with nostrils in the position of a land animal (tip of snout). The ears were partially modified for hearing under water. This fossil was found in association with fossils of land mammals, suggesting this early whale maybe could walk on land. Basilosaurus isis -- a recently discovered "legged" whale from the Eocene (after Pakicetus). Had hind feet with 3 toes and a tiny remnant of the 2nd toe (the big toe is totally missing). The legs were small and must have been useless for locomotion, but were specialized for swinging forward into a locked straddle position -- probably an aid to copulation for this long-bodied, serpentine whale. Archaeocetes (e.g. Protocetus, Eocetus) -- have lost hind legs entirely, but retain "primitive whale" skull and teeth, with forward nostrils. Squalodonts (e.g. Prosqualodon) -- whale-like skull with dorsal nostrils (blowhole), still with un-whale-like teeth. Kentriodon, an early toothed whale with whale-like teeth. Mesocetus, an early whalebone whale [note: very rarely a modern whale is found with tiny hind legs, showing that some whales still retain the genes for making hind legs.] Transitional fossils from early eutherian mammals to the carnivores: Miacids (e.g. Viverravus and Miacis) -- small weasel-like animals with very carnivore-like teeth, esp. the carnassial teeth. Arctoids (e.g. Cynodictis, Hesperocyon) -- intermediate between miacids and dogs. Limbs have elongated, carnassials are more specialized, braincase is larger. Cynodesmus, Tomarctus -- transitional fossils between arctoids and the modern dog genus Canis. Hemicyon, Ursavus -- heavy doglike fossils between the arctoids and the bears. Indarctos -- early bear. Carnassial teeth have no shearing action, molars are square, short tail, heavy limbs. Transitional to the modern genus Ursus. Phlaocyon -- a climbing carnivore with non-shearing carnassials, transitional from the arctoids to the procyonids (raccoons et al.) Meanwhile back at the ranch, Plesictis, transitional between miacids (see above) and mustelids (weasels et al.) Stenoplesictis and Palaeoprionodon, early civets related to the miacids (see above) Tunguricits, transitional between early civets and modern civets Ictitherium, transitional between early civets to hyenas Proailurus, transitional from early civets to early cats Dinictis, transitional from early cats to modern "feline" cats Hoplophoneus, transitional from early cats to "saber-tooth" cats Transitional fossils from early eutherians to hoofed animals: Arctocyonid condylarths -- insectivore-like small mammals with classic mammalian teeth and clawed feet. Mesonychid condylarths -- similar to the arctocyonids, but with blunt crushing-type cheek teeth, and flattened nails instead of claws. Late condylarths, e.g. Phenocodus -- a fair-sized animal with hoofs on each toe (all toes were present), a continuous series of crushing-type cheek teeth with herbivore-type cusps, and no collarbone (like modern hoofed animals). Transitional fossils from early hoofed animals to perissodactyls: [Perissodactyls are animals with an odd number of toes; most of the weight is borne by the central 3rd toe. Horses, rhinos, tapirs.] Tetraclaeonodon -- a Paleocene condylarth showing perissodactyl-like teeth Hyracotherium -- the famous "dawn horse", an early perissodactyl, with more elongated digits and interlocking ankle bones, and slightly different tooth cusps, compared to to Tetraclaeonodon. A small, doggish animal with an arched back, short neck, and short snout; had 4 toes in front and 3 behind. Omnivore teeth. [The rest of horse evolution will be covered in an upcoming "horse fossils" post in a few weeks. To whet your appetite:] Orohippus -- small, 4/3 toed, developing browser tooth crests Epihippus -- small, 4/3 toed, good tooth crests, browser Epihippus (Duchesnehippus) -- a subgenus with Mesohippus-like teeth Mesohippus -- 3 toed on all feet, browser, slightly larger Miohippus -- 3 toed browser, slightly larger [gave rise to lots of successful three-toed browsers] Parahippus -- 3 toed browser/grazer, developing "spring foot" 'Parahippus' leonensis -- a Merychippus-like species of Parahippus 'Merychippus' gunteri -- a Parahippus-like species of Merychippus 'Merychippus' primus -- a more typical Merychippus, but still very like Parahippus. Merychippus -- 3 toed grazer, spring-footed, size of small pony (gave rise to tons of successful three-toed grazers) Merychippus (Protohippus) -- a subgenus of Merychippus developing Pliohippus-like teeth. Pliohippus & Dinohippus -- one-toed grazers, spring-footed Equus (Plesippus) -- like modern equines but teeth slightly simpler. Equus (Hippotigris), the modern 1-toed spring-footed grazing zebras. Equus (Equus), the modern 1-toed spring-footed grazing horses & donkeys. [note: very rarely a horse is born with small visible side toes, indicating that some horses retain the genes for side toes.] Hyrachyids -- transitional from perissodactyl-like condylarths to tapirs Heptodonts, e.g. Lophiodont -- a small horse-like tapir, transitional to modern tapirs Protapirus -- a probable descendent of Lophiodont, much like modern tapirs but without the flexible snout. Miotapirus -- an almost-modern tapir with a flexible snout, transitional between Protapirus and the modern Tapirus. Hyracodonts -- early "running rhinoceroses", transitional to modern rhinos Caenopus, a large, hornless, generalized rhino transitional between the hyracodonts and the various later groups of modern & extinct rhinos. Transitional fossils from early hoofed animals to some of the artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed animals): Dichobunoids, e.g. Diacodexis, transitional between condylarths and all the artiodactyls (cloven-hoofed animals). Very condylarth-like but with a notably artiodactyl-like ankle. Propalaeochoerus, an early pig, transitional between Diacodexis and modern pigs. Protylopus, a small, short-necked, four-toed animal, transitional between dichobunoids and early camels. From here the camel lineage goes through Protomeryx, Procamelus, Pleauchenia, Lama (which are still alive; these are the llamas) and finally Camelus, the modern camels. Archeomeryx, a rabbit-sized, four-toed animal, transitional between the dichobunoids and the early deer. From here the deer lineage goes through Eumeryx, Paleomeryx and Blastomeryx, Dicrocerus (with antlers) and then a shmoo of successful groups that survive today as modern deer -- muntjacs, cervines, white-tail relatives, moose, reindeer, etc., etc. Palaeotragus, transitional between early artiodactyls and the okapi & giraffe. Actually the okapi hasn't changed much since Palaeotragus and is essentially a living Miocene giraffe. After Palaeotragus came Giraffa, with elongated legs & neck, and Sivatherium, large ox-like giraffes that almost survived to the present.
Bethlehm, because DP is obviously Jesus in disguise as a wolf.
That makes sense, but still OMFSM. Three movies? That would explain why they haven't picked Toph yet. Damn I love her personality. Anyway I'll stick with the prolonged, animated story line.
Your busy huh? That's cool. Yeah I'll be waiting.
This is ridiculous. The idea of making a live action movie based of the animated series is just a way to squeeze some money out of genre. No more remakes. Just stop it! There have been some good remakes, but I have grown so bored of them. The original is always better. I don't want to see the Avatar summed up in 2-3 hours, and I don't want to see it with actors that look nothing like their animated counterparts. My fears have come true.
You can laugh at the so call hypocrisy all you want, but the fact of the matter is statisticly if I grabbed a law from the bible in a bag where 90% of them are negative chances are I am going to remark on the negative part first since those are the ones that concern me the most. But if you insist lets count them off by starting with the Ten Commandments: I Thall shall have no other Gods before me, for I your God am a jelous God. II Thall shall not make/worship idols. I do not agree with these two commandments at all. Since the god of abraham(G.O.A) is not the only god that threatens nobelievers with a form of punisment. I think being multi-religious would be ludicrous, but if you really want to seal your chances of reward I say go for it. Unless the G.O.A is going to show diffinitive proof of his existance other than a religious doctrine, which I remind you there is one for almost all religions, then it must be placed on an equal ground with all other religions. III Do not use my name in vain. IV Take a day off and use it to worship me. This commandment was also backed up with the idea of stoning people if they worked on the sabbath. Work has to be done. I understand that on sundays/sauturdays you need to hang with your bud, but somtimes you got to end session early. V Honor your parents VI Don't kill. I would add to this one "Don't kill any form of life for selfish reasons, for example, fauna, insects, and mushrooms. Mutulation of any creature is a sin. All of life is related to you biologicly, treat them with the utmost respect. If you are in need of substanance only take what you need, and never take the life of any specie if it is endangered. Be kind to your livestock by giving them wide open fields to enjoy themselves. When the time comes to collect the harvest make their death quick. VII Don't commit adultrey. Do not cheat on your spouse/ girlfriend. Make sure to use protection VIII Don't steal IX Don't lie Unless it's neccesary. X Don't covet. Coveting is human nature; however the real meaning behind this commandment is not to take action upon your covet. To covet is to want somthing/someone. If you covet a women and act upon your covet by raping her then you must be punished. If you covet an item and then forcefully take take it you shall be punished. Didn't mean to rant there about the ten commandments. I like the one quote that Jesus made " It is easier to see the splinter in your neighbor's eyes than the log in your own". I cannot think of anything else at the top of my mind. How can you tell divine inspiration from insanity, or insanity from bull crap? The awnser is simple: A gut decision, or as I would like to call it a hypothesis. Once again I must ask why God commanded these men to rape, pillage and plunder. If you think God did not do it then you are not reading the bible right. If 90% of the bible is corrupt, or just complete made up **** (for example Jonha and the big fish, or Balaam's talking donkey) then why should anyone believe the other 10% is? I would understand if you were talking in the terms of a fictional story where there is a moral but it is all a fictional story. But at this I am aloss. Ah, I see. My bad. God made it clear in black and white that is how you must run a faimly. You This leads me to the conclusion that God is a jerk. Even the ideal of hell makes him look like a jerk. If he didn't want me in hell then surley he could save all the souls from the lake fire easily without having his son crucified. On top of all that he offers us his gift of forgivness without ever showing his face, and somehow we are supposed to shuffle through all the religions of the world and randomly perclaim that Jesus is the way. We are talking about the person who created over 50 sextillion stars in the universe, with all the planets and comets orbiting them in one day. Surley such a powerful being could conclude that pillaging a village because they don't believe in you is not right. Surley such a being could conclude that evidence is better than blind faith???
http://www.kh-vids.net/showthread.php?t=100627&page=2 *cough* I responded to your post. Please and thank you.
I will not lie to you. I have not had any courses in anthropology, or \ advanced chemeistry, so I would not be able to surfice your thirst for knowlege is the area of radiometric dating. I am sure another member here might surfice in giving you info on this; however I have a brief video from Thunderf00t on the matter. *Less than 5% of the scientific community believe the idea of the creationist10,000-6000 year old earth.* http://ncse.com/rncse/18/2/do-scientists-really-reject-god Actually Richard Dawkins has written a book called "The Greatest show on Earth. The evidence of evolution." The theory of evolution is based of embryology, DNA commparision, Homology, similar charecteristics, food webs, ERVs, a huge amount of fossils, and multiple methods of radio metric dating. Their are many scientific theorys per say. Such as the theory of gravity, or the theory of relativity; the antanomical theory, and the Sphere theory. http://www.worsleyschool.net/science/files/theories/inscience.html
Ah the Idea of science vs God. I like to think of it as yin and yang. God is translated as the imagination, while science is logic. Without imagination you cannot create, nor hypothesize somthing new. Without logic your imagination runs wild, and incases you from reality. Therefore both are nessecary. Now of course if you are asking how the universe was created I'd have to say that it was created according to how the Big Bang Theory proposes. I have somewhat of a Deistic idea of what might have happened before the Big Bang, but so far it seems unlikley.
I must agree with Advent on this. Most of them aren't as much ******s as they are hard-headed. I moved away from my church four years ago. It took me 1.5 years to get over my homophobia, 2 years to accept evolution, and 2.5 to become an atheist. Everyday I wish that I wasn't a homophobe back then. I think of every day of how I demoralized homosexuals, and I always try to block it out. No matter how much good I try to do for LGBTs the scars remain. Religion is such a disgusting thing. Encouraging dilusions, prejudice, and ignorance of the truth.
First of all I'd like to remind you that the person who made the commandments of killing billions of people is God. That is what your religion says. Your god is the one who told the isrealites to rape women , and smash babies heads against rocks. It was your God who told people to kill their brothers for worshiping other Gods, and to kill the adultrous, and the homosexuals. Why do you feel the need to defend a book if you don't even agree with on 90% of teachings? I mean what are you trying to accomplish here?
